# ASC 275-10-50: Risks and Uncertainties — Overall — 50 Disclosure

Source: FASB Accounting Standards Codification, Basic View

[Read online](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#50-disclosure)

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## ASC 275-10-50: 50 Disclosure

[Read section](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#50-disclosure)

SEC content: no

##### [275-10-50-1](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-1)

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All of the disclosures required by this Subtopic shall be included in the basic financial statements. Reporting entities shall make disclosures in their financial statements about the risks and uncertainties existing as of the date of those statements in the following areas:

1.  a
    
    Nature of operations , including the activities in which the entity is currently engaged if principal operations have not commenced
    
2.  b
    
    Use of estimates in the preparation of financial statements
    
3.  c
    
    Certain significant estimates
    
4.  d
    
    Current vulnerability due to certain concentrations.
    

These four areas of disclosure are not mutually exclusive. The information required by some may overlap. Accordingly, the disclosures required by this Subtopic may be combined in various ways, grouped together, or placed in diverse parts of the financial statements, or included as part of the disclosures made pursuant to the requirements of other Topics.

#### Nature of Operations/Activities

##### [275-10-50-2](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-2)

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If an entity has commenced planned principal operations, the entity's financial statements shall include a description of the major products or services the reporting entity sells or provides and its principal markets, including the locations of those markets. If the entity operates in more than one business, the disclosure also shall indicate the relative importance of its operations in each business and the basis for this determination—for example, assets, revenues, or earnings. Not-for-profit entities' (NFPs') disclosures should briefly describe the principal services performed by the entity and the revenue sources for the entity's services. Disclosures about the nature of operations or activities need not be quantified; relative importance could be conveyed by use of terms such as predominately, about equally, or major and other.

##### [275-10-50-2A](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-2A)

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An entity that has not commenced principal operations shall provide disclosures about the risks and uncertainties related to the activities in which the entity is currently engaged and an understanding of what those activities are being directed toward.

##### [275-10-50-3](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-3)

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See Examples 1 through 2 (paragraphs

[275-10-55-2 through 55-5](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-55-2)

) for illustrations of disclosure requirements for nature of operations.

#### Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

##### [275-10-50-4](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-4)

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Financial statements shall include an explanation that the preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires the use of management's estimates.

##### [275-10-50-5](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-5)

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See Example 3 (paragraph [275-10-55-6](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-55-6)) for an illustration of the disclosure requirements of the pervasiveness of estimates in the preparation of financial statements.

#### Certain Significant Estimates

##### [275-10-50-6](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-6)

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This Subtopic requires discussion of estimates when, based on known information available before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section 855-10-25), it is [reasonably possible](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/glossary/r/#reasonably-possible "The chance of the future event or events occurring is more than remote but less than likely.") that the estimate will change in the [near term](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/glossary/n/#near-term "A period of time not to exceed one year from the date of the financial statements.") and the effect of the change will be material. The estimate of the effect of a change in a condition, situation, or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements shall be disclosed and the evaluation shall be based on known information available before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section 855-10-25).

##### [275-10-50-7](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-7)

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Various Topics require disclosures about uncertainties addressed by those Topics. In particular, Subtopic 450-20 specifies disclosures to be made about contingencies that exist at the date of the financial statements. In addition to disclosures required by Topic 450 and other accounting Topics, this Subtopic requires disclosures regarding estimates used in the determination of the carrying amounts of assets or liabilities or in disclosure of gain or loss contingencies, as described below.

##### [275-10-50-8](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-8)

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Disclosure regarding an estimate shall be made when known information available before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section 855-10-25) indicates that both of the following criteria are met:

1.  a
    
    It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect on the financial statements of a condition, situation, or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements will change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events.
    
2.  b
    
    The effect of the change would be material to the financial statements.

##### [275-10-50-9](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-9)

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The disclosure shall indicate the nature of the uncertainty and include an indication that it is at least reasonably possible that a change in the estimate will occur in the near term. If the estimate involves a loss contingency covered by Subtopic 450-20, the disclosure also shall include an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, or state that such an estimate cannot be made. Disclosure of the factors that cause the estimate to be sensitive to change is encouraged but not required. The words reasonably possible need not be used in the disclosures required by this Subtopic.

##### [275-10-50-10](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-10)

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Many entities use risk-reduction techniques to mitigate losses or the uncertainty that may result from future events. If the entity determines that the criteria in paragraph [275-10-50-8](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-8) are not met as a result of risk-reduction techniques, the disclosures described in the preceding paragraph and disclosure of the risk-reduction techniques are encouraged but not required.

##### [275-10-50-11](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-11)

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This Subtopic's disclosure requirements are separate from and do not change in any way the disclosure requirements or criteria of Topic 450; rather, the disclosures required under this Subtopic supplement the disclosures required under that Topic as follows:

1.  a
    
    If an estimate (including estimates that involve contingencies covered by Topic 450) meets the criteria for disclosure under paragraph [275-10-50-8](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-8), this Subtopic requires disclosure of an indication that it is at least reasonably possible that a change in the estimate will occur in the near term; Topic 450 does not distinguish between near-term and long-term contingencies.
    
2.  b
    
    An estimate that does not involve a contingency covered by Topic 450, such as estimates associated with long-term operating assets and amounts reported under profitable long-term contracts, may meet the criteria in paragraph [275-10-50-8](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-8). This Subtopic requires disclosure of the nature of the estimate and an indication that it is at least reasonably possible that a change in the estimate will occur in the near term.

##### [275-10-50-12](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-12)

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If a loss contingency meets the criteria for disclosure under both Topic 450 and paragraph [275-10-50-8](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-8), this Subtopic requires disclosure that it is at least reasonably possible that future events confirming the fact of the loss or the change in the estimated amount of the loss will occur in the near term.

##### [275-10-50-13](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-13)

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The requirements of paragraph [275-10-50-8](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-8) are applicable to long-lived assets whose value may become impaired in the near term (see Subtopic 360-10).

##### [275-10-50-14](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-14)

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Whether an estimate meets the criteria for disclosure under this Subtopic does not depend on the amount that has been reported in the financial statements, but rather on the materiality of the effect that using a different estimate would have had on the financial statements. Simply because an estimate resulted in the recognition of a small financial statement amount, or no amount, does not mean that disclosure is not required under this Subtopic.

##### [275-10-50-15](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-15)

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The following are examples of assets and liabilities and related revenues and expenses, and of disclosure of gain or loss contingencies included in financial statements that, based on facts and circumstances existing at the date of the financial statements, may be based on estimates that are particularly sensitive to change in the near term:

1.  a
    
    Inventory subject to rapid technological obsolescence
    
2.  b
    
    Specialized equipment subject to technological obsolescence
    
3.  c
    
    Valuation allowances for deferred tax assets based on future taxable income
    
4.  d
    
    Capitalized motion picture film production costs
    
5.  e
    
    Capitalized computer software costs
    
6.  f
    
    Deferred policy acquisition costs of insurance entities
    
7.  g
    
    Valuation allowances for commercial and real estate loans
    
8.  h
    
    Environmental remediation-related obligations
    
9.  i
    
    Litigation-related obligations
    
10.  j
     
     Contingent liabilities for obligations of other entities
     
11.  k
     
     Amounts reported for long-term obligations, such as amounts reported for pensions and postemployment benefits
     
12.  l
     
     Estimated net proceeds recoverable, the provisions for expected loss to be incurred, or both, on disposition of a business or assets
     
13.  m
     
     Amounts reported for long-term contracts.
     

The above list is not intended to be all-inclusive. See Section 275-10-60 for links to illustrations of the disclosure requirements that are contained in other Topics.

##### [275-10-50-15A](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-15A)

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In determining whether disclosure about an estimate of the useful life of an intangible asset is required under paragraph [275-10-50-8](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-8), the criterion in item (b) of that paragraph shall be considered met if the effect of either of the following would be material to the financial statements, either individually or in aggregate by major intangible asset class:

1.  a
    
    A change in the useful life of an intangible
    
2.  b
    
    A change in the expected likelihood of renewal or extension of an intangible asset.

#### Current Vulnerability Due to Certain Concentrations

##### [275-10-50-16](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-16)

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Vulnerability from concentrations arises because an entity is exposed to risk of loss greater than it would have had it mitigated its risk through diversification. Such risks of loss manifest themselves differently, depending on the nature of the concentration, and vary in significance. Financial statements shall disclose the concentrations described in paragraph [275-10-50-18](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-18) if, based on information known to management before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section 855-10-25), all of the following criteria are met:

1.  a
    
    The concentration exists at the date of the financial statements.
    
2.  b
    
    The concentration makes the entity vulnerable to the risk of a near-term [severe impact](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/glossary/s/#severe-impact "(Used in reference to current vulnerability due to certain concentrations.) A significant financially disruptive effect on the normal functioning of an entity. Severe impact is a higher threshold than material. Matters that are important enough to influence a user's decisions are deemed to be material, yet they may not be so significant as to disrupt the normal functioning of the entity. Some events are material to an investor because they might affect the price of an entity's capital stock or its debt securities, but they would not necessarily have a severe impact on (disrupt) the entity itself. The concept of severe impact, however, includes matters that are less than catastrophic. Matters that are catastrophic include, for example, those that would result in bankruptcy.").
    
3.  c
    
    It is at least reasonably possible that the events that could cause the severe impact will occur in the near term.

##### [275-10-50-17](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-17)

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This Subtopic requires disclosure of certain defined concentrations known to management rather than a wider range of concentrations based on information of which management is reasonably expected to have knowledge.

##### [275-10-50-18](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-18)

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Concentrations, including known group concentrations, described below require disclosure if they meet the criteria of paragraph [275-10-50-16](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-16). (Group concentrations exist if a number of counterparties or items that have similar economic characteristics collectively expose the reporting entity to a particular kind of risk.) Some concentrations may fall into more than one of the following categories:

1.  a
    
    Concentrations in the volume of business transacted with a particular customer, supplier, lender, grantor, or contributor. The potential for the severe impact can result, for example, from total or partial loss of the business relationship. For purposes of this Subtopic, it is always considered at least reasonably possible that any customer, grantor, or contributor will be lost in the near term.
    
2.  b
    
    Concentrations in revenue from particular products, services, or fund-raising events. The potential for the severe impact can result, for example, from volume or price changes or the loss of patent protection for the particular source of revenue.
    
3.  c
    
    Concentrations in the available sources of supply of materials, labor, or services, or of licenses or other rights used in the entity's operations. The potential for the severe impact can result, for example, from changes in the availability to the entity of a resource or a right.
    
4.  d
    
    Concentrations in the market or geographic area in which an entity conducts its operations. The potential for the severe impact can result, for example, from negative effects of the economic and political forces within the market or geographic area. For purposes of this Subtopic, it is always considered at least reasonably possible that operations located outside an entity's home country will be disrupted in the near term.

##### [275-10-50-19](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-19)

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Concentrations of financial instruments, and other concentrations not described in the preceding paragraph, are not addressed in this Subtopic. However, these other concentrations may be required to be disclosed pursuant to other Topics, such as Subtopic 825-10 .

##### [275-10-50-20](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-20)

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Disclosure of concentrations meeting the criteria of paragraph [275-10-50-16](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-16) shall include information that is adequate to inform users of the general nature of the risk associated with the concentration. For those concentrations of labor (see paragraph [275-10-50-18(c)](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-18)) subject to collective bargaining agreements and concentrations of operations located outside of the entity's home country (see paragraph [275-10-50-18(d)](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-18)) that meet the criteria in paragraph [275-10-50-16](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-16), the following specific disclosures are required:

1.  a
    
    For labor subject to collective bargaining agreements, disclosure shall include both the percentage of the labor force covered by a collective bargaining agreement and the percentage of the labor force covered by a collective bargaining agreement that will expire within one year.
    
2.  b
    
    For operations located outside the entity's home country, disclosure shall include the carrying amounts of net assets and the geographic areas in which they are located.
    

This Subtopic does not, however, prohibit entities from also stating in disclosures of concentrations related to customers, grantors, or contributors or operations located outside the entity's home country that the entity does not expect that the business relationship will be lost or does not expect that the foreign operations will be disrupted if such is the case.

##### [275-10-50-21](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-21)

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Adequate information about some concentrations may already be presented in other parts of the financial statements. For example, adequate information about assets or operations located outside the entity's home country may be included in disclosures made to comply with Subtopic 280-10. In accordance with the guidance in this Subtopic, such information need not be repeated.

##### [275-10-50-22](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-22)

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See Examples 2 and 4 through 8 (paragraphs [275-10-55-4](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-55-4) and

[275-10-55-8 through 55-19](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-55-8)

) for illustrations of the disclosure requirements for current vulnerability due to certain concentrations.

#### Application of Disclosure Criteria

##### [275-10-50-23](https://asc.understandingaccounting.org/asc/275/10/#275-10-50-23)

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An assessment of whether a disclosure is required should not be found to be in error simply as a result of future events. For example, reporting a concentration not followed by a severe impact does not imply that the disclosure should not have been made, because something that has only a reasonably possible chance of occurring obviously might not occur. Similarly, the occurrence of a severe impact related to a concentration not disclosed in the prior-year financial statements would not suggest noncompliance with the requirements of this Subtopic if an appropriate judgment had been made that a near-term severe impact was not at least reasonably possible at the prior reporting date. In addition, a severe impact may arise from a concentration of which management did not have knowledge at the time the financial statements were issued.
