Industry-specific

ASC 205-905 addresses presentation of financial statements for entities in the agricultural industry, with separate Cooperatives Subsections for agricultural cooperatives. Its scope mirrors that of ASC 905-10-15 (General and Cooperatives Subsections). Its only substantive presentation rule permits agricultural cooperatives to label earnings using alternative terms such as margins, net proceeds, or savings (205-905-45-1).

This subtopic governs how investment companies present the statement of changes in net assets and financial highlights. The statement of changes in net assets must separately show operations (net investment income, realized gains/losses, change in unrealized appreciation), net equalization credits/debits, distributions to shareholders (with tax return of capital separate), and capital share transactions. Financial highlights—per-share data, expense and net investment income ratios, total return (or since-inception IRR for certain limited-life funds), and capital commitment data—must be presented as a separate schedule or in the notes for each class of common shares.

ASC 205-954 sets the basic financial statement presentation requirements for health care entities, both not-for-profit business-oriented and investor-owned. It requires a complete set of statements — balance sheet, statement of operations, statement of changes in equity (or net assets), statement of cash flows, and notes (205-954-45-1) — and permits descriptive alternative titles except that the cash flow statement should be titled "Statement of Cash Flows" (205-954-45-2). Presentation is essentially the same for both ownership forms except for items that are inapplicable, such as shareholders' equity for NFPs and contributions for investor-owned entities (205-954-05-1).

This Subtopic governs how common interest realty associations (CIRAs)—condominium and homeowners associations and cooperatives—present their financial statements, emphasizing fund reporting that segregates the operating fund from the fund for future major repairs and replacements. A full GAAP presentation requires a balance sheet, statement of revenues and expenses, statement of changes in fund balances (or members' equity under nonfund reporting), statement of cash flows, and notes; cooperatives instead present a statement of operations and statement of changes in shareholders' equity.

ASC 210-912 formerly provided balance sheet classification and disclosure guidance for contractors with the federal government (e.g., presentation of receivables, unbilled amounts, and advances/progress payments on government contracts). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 45, and 50 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The subtopic is now an empty shell with no operative guidance; contract asset and contract liability presentation for government contractors is governed by ASC 606 (and ASC 340-40 for related costs).

ASC 210-940 addresses how brokers and dealers offset and combine amounts presented in the balance sheet. It contains no independent offsetting rules; it simply directs preparers to the general offsetting guidance in Section 210-20-45 and adopts the scope of the Financial Services—Brokers and Dealers Overall Subtopic (940-10-15).

This Subtopic governs how depository and lending institutions offset and combine amounts on the balance sheet. Its core rules: unearned premiums and unpaid claims on credit life and credit accident and health insurance issued to finance customers are deducted from finance receivables in consolidation (or the net amount presented with adequate note disclosure), while unpaid claims on property and level term life insurance—and credit coverage on receivables owned by unrelated entities—must be presented as liabilities. Reciprocal balances with another financial institution are offset only if they will be offset in the process of collection or payment, and restrictions on cash balances must be disclosed.

This Subtopic addresses balance sheet presentation for insurance entities, focusing on when reinsurance-related balances may be offset. The core rule is that amounts payable to a policyholder and amounts recoverable from a reinsurer cannot be offset because the right of setoff under 210-20-45-1(b) requires amounts owed to and receivable from the *same* party. By contrast, balances arising between the ceding and assuming entities under a reinsurance contract may qualify for offsetting if the Subtopic 210-20 conditions are met.

This subtopic governs how an investment company presents its financial position — either a statement of assets and liabilities or a statement of net assets — and the schedule (or condensed schedule) of investments that accompanies it. It sets bright-line disclosure thresholds (1 percent of net assets for registered/other investment companies; 5 percent for nonregistered investment partnerships), special presentation rules for multiple-class, master-feeder, and fund-of-funds structures, and requires contract-value reporting for fully benefit-responsive investment contracts held by qualified defined contribution plan trusts.

This subtopic governs how health care entities, including not-for-profit business-oriented health care entities, present their balance sheets. The general rule is a classified (current/noncurrent) balance sheet under Section 210-10-45, except that a continuing care retirement community may instead sequence assets by nearness of conversion to cash and liabilities by nearness of maturity. It also specifies that contractually limited (non-donor) assets stay in net assets without donor restrictions, that interfund balances are eliminated, and that restricted or segregated cash is excluded from current assets.

This industry-specific subtopic addresses how a federal government contractor presents amounts in the income statement relating to terminated contracts. After ASC 2014-09 superseded most of its guidance, the only surviving rule is that items the contractor keeps without making a claim for cost or loss stay on the balance sheet as inventory or deferred charges (220-912-45-3).

ASC 220-932 is a short "pointer" subtopic that addresses income statement presentation for oil- and gas-producing activities. It contains no substantive incremental rules of its own: it adopts the scope of ASC 932-10-15 and directs readers to the industry disclosure requirements in 932-235-50-21 through 50-28 and to the illustrative results-of-operations example in 932-235-55-5.

This subtopic governs the form and content of the statement of operations (income statement) for investment companies. The statement must show investment income less expenses to arrive at net investment income, then net realized gains/losses and the change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments and foreign currency, summing to the net increase or decrease in net assets resulting from operations. Special presentation rules apply to multiple-class funds, master-feeder structures, and funds of funds.

This Subtopic governs how not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities present their statement of operations and statement of changes in net assets. Its central requirement is a clearly labeled "performance indicator" (e.g., revenues over expenses) reported in a statement that also shows total changes in net assets without donor restrictions, with a specified list of items — such as equity transfers, donor-restricted contributions, other comprehensive income items, and unrealized gains/losses on non-trading debt securities — required to be reported outside that indicator.

ASC 225-912 formerly provided income statement presentation guidance for contractors with the federal government (a subtopic of the legacy Income Statement topic). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Overview and Background (05), Scope (15), and Other Presentation Matters (45) — was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Presentation questions for federal government contractors are now addressed under the revenue and other applicable topics rather than here.

ASC 225-932 was the income statement subtopic addressing oil and gas extractive activities, but every paragraph in it (Sections 05, 15, 50, and 55) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19. As a result the subtopic contains no operative guidance; readers must look to ASC 932 (Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas) and ASC 220 for income statement presentation and disclosure requirements.

ASC 225-946 was the industry-specific income statement guidance for investment companies, but every paragraph in it (Sections 05, 15, 45, and 50) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19. The subtopic is now an empty shell with no operative guidance; the substantive requirements for an investment company's statement of operations were relocated to (and remain in) ASC 946, Financial Services—Investment Companies. Readers encountering a citation to 225-946 should redirect to ASC 946-225.

ASC 225-954 formerly provided income statement presentation guidance for health care entities (e.g., the performance indicator and reporting of patient service revenue). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 45, 50, and 55 — was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Health care income statement presentation guidance now resides in Topic 954 (principally 954-205 and 954-225 as relocated) and, for revenue, in Topic 606.

This Subtopic tells broadcasters how to classify cash paid for program license rights in the statement of cash flows. Under 230-920-45-1, cash outflows to obtain rights under a license agreement for program material are operating activities, and the amortization of the capitalized license costs is included in the reconciliation of net income to net cash flows from operating activities.

This Subtopic tells film production and distribution entities how to classify certain film-related cash flows in the statement of cash flows. Cash outflows for film costs, participation costs, exploitation costs, and manufacturing costs are operating activities—not investing—even though film costs are capitalized as assets. Amortization of film costs is added back in the reconciliation of net income to net cash flows from operating activities.

This Subtopic tailors the statement of cash flows to banks, savings institutions, and credit unions. Its core rule is a net-reporting exception: these institutions need not report gross cash receipts and payments for deposits placed with or withdrawn from other financial institutions, time deposits accepted and repaid, and loans made to customers and principal collections on those loans (230-942-45-1). It also requires that principal payments received under sales-type and direct financing leases be classified as investing activities (230-942-45-4) and provides a full direct-method illustration in Section 55.

This subtopic applies the statement of cash flows requirements to investment companies and points to the narrow exemption that lets certain investment companies omit the statement entirely. It also identifies noncash investing and financing activities peculiar to investment companies — notably reinvested dividends and distributions — that must be disclosed.

This Subtopic addresses how a real estate entity classifies cash payments to purchase real estate in the statement of cash flows. Real estate is generally a productive asset, so its purchase is an investing cash outflow; but if a developer acquires real estate specifically for resale (to be subdivided, improved, and sold in lots), the payment is an operating cash flow because the property is akin to inventory.

This subtopic governs how entities engaged in real estate time-sharing activities classify cash flows related to time-sharing notes receivable. The core rule is that all changes in time-sharing notes receivable — including cash received from selling those notes — are reported as operating activities in the statement of cash flows (230-978-45-1), rather than as investing or financing activities.

ASC 235-910 was the construction-contractor industry supplement to ASC 235 on notes to financial statements, which required disclosure of the accounting policies used for construction-type contracts. Every paragraph in the subtopic (05-1, 15-1, 50-1 and 50-2) was superseded by Maintenance Update No. 2019-01, so the subtopic now contains no operative guidance. Contractors instead look to the general accounting policy disclosure requirements of ASC 235-10 and to the revenue disclosures in ASC 606.

ASC 932-235 sets the note and supplemental disclosure requirements for entities with oil- and gas-producing activities. All such entities must disclose their cost accounting method (successful efforts vs. full cost), how capitalized costs are disposed of, and information about exploratory well costs still capitalized pending determination of proved reserves. Publicly traded companies with significant oil and gas activities must additionally provide, as supplementary information with annual statements, proved reserve quantities and changes, capitalized costs, costs incurred, results of operations, the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows, and changes in that measure.

This Subtopic sets the note disclosure requirements for investment companies with complex capital structures — multiple-class funds, master-feeder arrangements, and funds of funds. Multiple-class funds must describe each class, the income/expense and gain/loss allocation method, class-specific fee arrangements, capital share transactions by class, and sales charges paid to affiliates. Feeder funds must describe the master-feeder structure, their percentage ownership of the master, and the master's accounting policies affecting them, while funds of funds must describe the structure and the valuation policy based on investee-reported values.

This Subtopic sets the note disclosure requirements unique to common interest realty associations (CIRAs) — condominiums, homeowners associations, cooperative housing corporations, and time-share associations. Beyond ordinary GAAP disclosures, a CIRA must describe its legal form and the entity it serves, developer services/subsidies and developer-owned units, the proposed use of special assessment funds, and any assessments used for undesignated purposes (235-972-50-1). It must also disclose its funding for future major repairs and replacements (235-972-50-2) and present cost estimates for those repairs and replacements as unaudited supplementary information (235-972-50-3).

This Subtopic tells time-share sellers how to account for a change in the delineation of a time-share project or its phases. If the change results from a significant change in facts and circumstances about the project's development (e.g., major sales price or discount revisions, construction cost or inflation changes, temporary construction delays, design changes, or a shift toward more luxury units), it is a change in accounting estimate under Subtopic 250-10, recorded as a current-period adjustment per 978-330-35-1. If there is no such change in facts and circumstances, the change is a change in the method of applying an accounting principle under Subtopic 250-10.

This Subtopic applies the general accounting change and error correction rules of Topic 250 to entities with regulated operations that meet the criteria of paragraph 980-10-15-2 (so that costs designated for future recovery by the regulator are probable of recovery). Its core rule is that a change in accounting method that does not affect costs allowable for rate-making purposes is reported the same way an unregulated entity would report it, whereas a change that does affect allowable costs is generally implemented the way it is implemented for regulatory purposes. It also confirms that prior period adjustments are limited to error corrections and prior interim period adjustments of the current fiscal year, and that previously unaccrued estimated refunds are charged to income when the accrual criteria are first met.

ASC 255-912 tells federal government contractors how to classify certain contract-related balances when they voluntarily disclose supplementary information about the effects of changing prices under Subtopic 255-10. Its core rule is a set of monetary/nonmonetary classifications used to compute the purchasing power gain or loss on net monetary items: contract inventories and fixed-price contract advances and warranty obligations are nonmonetary, while accrued losses on contracts are monetary.

This Subtopic addresses interim reporting for oil- and gas-producing entities. Its core rule is that the extensive oil and gas disclosures required by Subtopic 932-235 (reserve quantity and standardized measure disclosures) need not be repeated in interim financial reports, but interim reports must disclose a major discovery or other favorable or adverse event that significantly changes the reserve information reported in the most recent annual financial report.

This Subtopic requires federal government contractors to make incremental disclosures about the risks and uncertainties arising from the government's unilateral right to terminate contracts for its convenience. The effect of a termination is reflected in the period the termination occurs (or earlier if it is a subsequent event attributable to balance-sheet-date conditions), with only the reasonably estimable portions of a termination claim recognized and the remainder disclosed. Controversial or undeterminable claim elements are stated at amounts estimated to be collectible or excluded and disclosed.

ASC 280-908 is the airlines-industry subtopic of the segment reporting topic, but it contains no substantive guidance — its Overview/Background, Scope, and Other Presentation Matters sections are all marked "Section not used." Airlines therefore apply the general segment reporting requirements of ASC 280-10 (operating segments, aggregation criteria, reportable segment thresholds, and entity-wide disclosures) without any airline-specific modification in this subtopic.

This Subtopic applies segment reporting to casino entities. A nonpublic casino property that also contains a hotel, restaurant, parking garage and similar amenities is generally treated as a single industry segment, because allocating costs among the interdependent operations to measure each one's contribution to operating profit would be arbitrary and not meaningful. However, nonpublic casino entities that operate in multiple legal jurisdictions may have geographic segments and must report that geographic information (280-924-50-1).

ASC 280-932 is a short "pointer" subtopic that addresses segment reporting as it applies to oil and gas producing activities. It contains no substantive requirements of its own: its scope mirrors that of the oil and gas Overall Subtopic (932-10-15), and it directs preparers to the industry-specific segment disclosure requirements located with the other oil and gas disclosures in 932-235-50-22 through 50-23.

This industry subtopic applies the general segment reporting rules to investor-owned health care entities. Its single substantive rule is that, for purposes of the major-customer disclosures in paragraph 280-10-50-42, an insurer that merely pays for a patient's care is not the health care facility's "customer." The customer is identified by who decides which services to purchase and from which facility.

ASC 305-942 was the industry-specific guidance on cash and cash equivalents for depository and lending institutions (banks, savings institutions, credit unions). Every paragraph in the subtopic — scope, presentation, and disclosure — was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-21, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Entities in this industry now apply the general guidance in ASC 305 and, for restricted/reserve balances and cash flow classification, ASC 942-305 and ASC 230.

ASC 305-946 was the investment-company-specific guidance on cash and cash equivalents. Every remaining paragraph (05-1, 15-1, 45-1, 45-2) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-21, so the subtopic contains no substantive guidance today. Investment companies now look to the general cash guidance in ASC 305 and to the presentation and disclosure requirements in ASC 946.

ASC 305-954 was the health care industry-specific guidance on cash and cash equivalents, but it now contains no operative content — every paragraph has been superseded or is unused. Health care entities therefore follow the general guidance in Topic 305 together with the broader health care presentation rules in Topic 954.

ASC 310-905 provides industry-specific guidance on receivables (loans, notes, and others) for agricultural entities, with dedicated Cooperatives—Patrons Subsections for patrons of agricultural cooperatives. Its core rules govern when a patron recognizes a patronage refund receivable and how a patron's unbilled receivable from products delivered to a cooperative is subsequently measured. Scope follows ASC 905-10-15.

ASC 310-910 was the industry-specific guidance on receivables of construction contractors (classification and disclosure of contract receivables, retainage, and unbilled amounts). Every paragraph in the subtopic has been superseded — the presentation and disclosure paragraphs by ASU 2014-09 (the revenue standard) and the remainder by Maintenance Update No. 2019-01. As a result, the subtopic now contains no substantive guidance; contract asset, contract receivable, and retainage questions for contractors are addressed under ASC 606 (and ASC 326 for credit losses).

This Subtopic tells federal government contractors how to recognize, present, and disclose receivables arising from government contracts. Its core rules: unbilled costs and fees under cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts are receivables or contract assets (not advances or inventory); progress payments are applied first against unbilled receivables (or accounted for as financing if the government obtains only a secured interest); and a terminated contract converts contract inventory into a termination claim receivable classified as a current asset.

ASC 310-920 formerly provided industry-specific guidance on receivables arising in broadcasting arrangements. Both of its substantive paragraphs — the overview/background paragraph (310-920-05-1) and the recognition paragraph (310-920-25-1) — were superseded by ASU No. 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). As a result, the subtopic contains no remaining operative guidance.

ASC 310-940 is a "link" subtopic: it contains no substantive accounting guidance of its own. It simply directs readers looking for guidance on receivables of brokers and dealers in securities to other locations in the Codification — specifically, Subtopic 940-325 for receivables arising as part of a financial-restructuring transaction (310-940-05-2).

This Subtopic gives industry guidance for depository and lending institutions on receivables, principally debt-equity swap programs in which a bank converts U.S.-dollar-denominated loans to financially troubled countries into approved local equity investments. A swap is measured at fair value at the date both parties agree to the transaction, considering both the secondary market price of the loan given up and the fair value of the equity or net assets received; a shortfall against the recorded investment in the loan is a loss charged to the allowance for loan losses. It also addresses nonaccrual loans to troubled countries, when interest may again be recognized as income, and gross presentation of customers' liabilities on acceptances.

ASC 310-944 tells insurance entities how to account for receivables: mortgage loans held as investments, reinsurance recoverables, and premium receivables on financial guarantee insurance contracts. Mortgage loans are recognized as assets at principal (or cost if bought at a discount/premium) and carried at amortized cost with an allowance for expected credit losses under Topic 326-20; reinsurance recoverables must be reported gross as assets (no netting against related liabilities absent a legal right of setoff). For financial guarantee contracts with installment premiums, the premium receivable is measured at the present value of premiums expected to be collected using a risk-free rate at inception, with the discount accreted to earnings.

This Subtopic governs how an investment company presents receivables in its statement of assets and liabilities. Receivables must be listed separately at net realizable value by category — dividends and interest, investment securities sold, capital stock sold, and other accounts receivable (including related-party and affiliate expense-reimbursement receivables and variation margin on open futures contracts). Foreign-currency-denominated receivables are translated into the functional currency at current exchange rates and may be grouped with the corresponding functional currency receivables.

This subtopic governs how mortgage banking entities account for mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities, including classification as held for sale versus held for long-term investment, related origination fees and costs, and transactions with affiliates. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost basis or fair value through a valuation allowance charged to income, while loans held for long-term investment are carried at amortized cost basis with credit losses measured under Subtopic 326-20. Transfers between classifications require reversal in earnings of any previously recorded allowance and re-measurement under the new classification.

ASC 310-954 governs how health care entities recognize, measure, present, and disclose receivables, principally amounts due from patients and third-party payors (Blue Cross, Medicare, Medicaid, HMOs, workers' compensation). Contractual adjustments and discounts are treated as variable consideration under ASC 606 (606-10-32-5 through 32-14 and 32-42 through 32-45), while an allowance for credit losses is measured under Topic 326. Charity care is never recognized as a receivable, and amounts due from third-party payors for retroactive adjustments such as final settlements or appeals must be reported separately.

This Subtopic governs when a defined benefit pension plan recognizes contributions receivable in its own financial statements. Amounts due at the reporting date from employers, participants, or other funding sources (separately identified) are recognized when supported by legal or contractual requirements or a formal commitment, net of an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts. Unfunded prior service costs and any excess of the actuarial present value of accumulated plan benefits over net assets available for benefits are not plan receivables.

This subtopic governs the measurement, derecognition, and disclosure of receivables arising from retail land sales. Its core rule is that an allowance for contract cancellations must be provided for receivables not expected to be collected because of cancellation, estimated from historical collection data drawn from a representative, current sample covering an adequate period (310-976-35-1). Cancelled contract receivable balances are charged in full against that allowance (310-976-40-1), and specified receivable disclosures are required (310-976-50-1).

This Subtopic governs the accounting for notes receivable arising from time-sharing interval sales, which are typically seller-financed recourse promissory notes with 5- to 10-year terms. It requires uncollectibility (of both principal and interest) to be measured on actual collection experience rather than on proceeds from receivable sales or securitizations, and requires an allowance for credit losses estimated each reporting period (at least quarterly) under Subtopic 326-20. It also prescribes specific disclosures about note maturities, interest rates, and allowance activity, including receivables sold with recourse.

This subtopic governs how broker-dealers account for investments in debt and equity securities, covering both clearance/settlement activities (General) and proprietary trading (Proprietary Trading Securities). The core rules are that all regular-way trades are reflected on a trade-date basis (320-940-25-1), and proprietary security positions — both inventory and obligations for short inventory positions — are measured initially and subsequently at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in profit or loss (320-940-30-2, 35-1, 35-2).

This industry Subtopic supplements ASC 320-10 for depository and financial institutions (banks, thrifts, savings banks, credit unions, finance companies, insurance entities), addressing how they measure and disclose investments in debt and equity securities. Its core content is disclosure: securities must be broken out by prescribed major security types and by at least four maturity groupings, collateral pledged must be disclosed, and the accounting policy (including basis for classification) explained. It also confirms that amortization or accretion of debt securities generally runs from the purchase date to maturity, and that bank regulators' general divestiture authority does not by itself defeat held-to-maturity classification.

ASC 320-944 was the insurance-industry ("Financial Services—Insurance") incremental guidance layered onto Investments—Debt Securities. Every paragraph in this subtopic (05-1, 15-1, 15-2, 25-1, 50-1, 50-2) has been superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Insurance entities now follow the general guidance in ASC 320 for debt securities and ASC 321 for equity securities.

This Subtopic governs how an investment company (a fund) accounts for its portfolio of debt and equity securities, with special attention to high-yield debt securities such as zero-coupon, step, and payment-in-kind (PIK) bonds. Core rules: record purchases and sales on trade date, initially measure at transaction price including commissions, subsequently measure at fair value, recognize interest on step and PIK bonds using the interest method (with reserves when income is not expected to be realized), and record dividends on the ex-dividend date. It also prescribes the treatment of capital infusions, workout expenditures, and writeoffs of purchased versus accrued interest.

ASC 320-954 was the health care entities industry supplement to the debt securities guidance in Topic 320, addressing scope, subsequent measurement, presentation (including where unrealized gains and losses appear in a health care entity's performance indicator) and related implementation examples. Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 35, 45 and 55 — was superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01. As a result the subtopic contains no operative guidance; health care entities look instead to Topic 320 as amended and to Topic 321 for equity securities.

ASC 320-965 tells health and welfare benefit plans how to account for their investments in debt and equity securities. Such securities are reported at fair value less costs to sell (if significant) at the financial statement date, and purchases and sales are ordinarily recorded on a trade-date basis. Settlement-date accounting is permitted only if the fair value did not change significantly between trade date and financial statement date and the transactions do not significantly affect the composition of plan assets available for benefits.

This Subtopic applies equity method and joint venture accounting to the oil and gas industry. Its core point is that joint interest (joint venture) operations, in which working interest owners retain an undivided interest in a jointly operated property run by a designated operator, are usually reflected by including the investor's proportional share of the revenues, expenses, and assets directly in its financial statements rather than by a one-line equity method presentation.

This subtopic tells investment companies how (and whether) to apply the equity method of Topic 323. The general rule is that an investment company does not use the equity method for its noncontrolling ownership interests; instead it measures those investments at fair value under Subtopic 946-320. The one exception is an investment in an operating entity that provides services to the investment company (e.g., an investment adviser or transfer agent), which is accounted for under the equity method if it otherwise qualifies.

This Subtopic tells a REIT how to account for its investment in a "service corporation" — an affiliated entity, typically holding non-qualifying REIT activities, whose voting stock is largely held by others. Even without a voting majority, listed factors (activities performed primarily for the REIT, economic benefits flowing to the REIT, common board members/officers, nominal outside equity, management influence, access to financial information) indicate the REIT has at least significant influence, requiring the equity method or consolidation based on facts and circumstances (323-974-25-1). Service corporations that are variable interest entities are excluded and are instead evaluated under the VIE Subsections of Section 810-10.

ASC 325-905 governs how agricultural cooperatives account for investments in other cooperatives and how patrons (members) account for their investments in a cooperative. The core rule is that these nonmarketable long-term investments are carried at cost — including allocated equities and per-unit retains recorded at face value — rather than as equity securities, with the equity method of ASC 323-10 applied only in the infrequent case where the investor's share of the investee cooperative's unallocated retained earnings is material. Carrying amounts must be written down when the patron cannot recover full carrying value, and undistributed retains are classified as noncurrent.

This subtopic tells broker-dealers in securities how to account for equity investments or financing they provide to another entity as part of a financial-restructuring transaction, including investments made through a "bridge entity" formed to pool funds from several sources. Such investments (and related receivables and debt and equity securities) are measured initially at fair value (325-940-30-1) and subsequently at fair value (325-940-35-1). Consolidation of majority-owned investees is addressed by the broker-dealer consolidation guidance in 940-810-45-1.

This Subtopic gives depository and lending institutions the recognition and measurement rules for four narrow items: Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) and Federal Reserve Bank stock, National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) deposits and premiums, regular-way securities trades, and exchange memberships. FHLB/Federal Reserve Bank stock is a restricted investment security carried at cost (no readily determinable fair value; redeemable only at $100 par) and tested for impairment based on ultimate recoverability of par, not temporary declines. NCUSIF deposits are assets only so long as they are fully refundable, and regular-way purchases and sales are recorded on the trade date.

ASC 325-944 was the insurance-industry ("Investments—Other, Insurance") guidance within the Investments—Other topic, but every paragraph in the subtopic (Sections 05, 15, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50) has been superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01. As a result, the subtopic contains no operative recognition, measurement, derecognition, presentation, or disclosure requirements. Entities in the insurance industry must instead apply the equity-security and other-investment guidance retained elsewhere, principally ASC 321 and ASC 320 as amended by ASU 2016-01.

This subtopic tells an investment company how to account for its "other investments" (investments other than debt and equity securities). Such investments are initially measured at transaction price, including commissions and other charges that are part of the purchase transaction, and are subsequently measured at fair value. Its scope mirrors the investment company Overall Subtopic scope in Section 946-10-15.

This Subtopic governs how health care entities (within the scope of Topic 954) account for investments that are NOT financial instruments — for example, investment real estate or certain oil and gas interests. Such investments are reported at amortized cost and tested for impairment under the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets Subsections of Subtopic 360-10. Property held for investment purposes is presented within investments on the balance sheet.

ASC 325-960 (paralleling 960-325) governs how a defined benefit pension plan accounts for and reports its investments and insurance contracts. The core rule is that plan investments—equity and debt securities, real estate, and other assets other than insurance contracts—are presented at fair value at the reporting date, with purchases and sales generally recorded on a trade-date basis; insurance contracts are presented the same way as in the plan's ERISA filing (fair value or contract value). Extensive disclosure is required by general type of investment, including the plan's interest in a master trust.

ASC 325-965 (parallel to 965-325) governs how health and welfare benefit plans measure, present, and disclose their investments and insurance contracts. The core rule is that plan investments are reported at fair value less costs to sell, if significant, at the financial statement date, except that insurance contracts are presented as reported in the plan's ERISA Form 5500 filing (fair value or contract value) and fully benefit-responsive investment contracts of defined contribution plans are measured at contract value. Presentation is by general type of investment, with specified disclosures for benefit-responsive contracts and for plan interests in master trusts.

ASC 330-905 applies Inventory guidance to the agricultural industry, covering producers (growing crops, developing animals, harvested crops, livestock held for sale, secondary products), pooling cooperatives, and cooperative patrons. Direct and indirect costs of growing crops are accumulated until harvest, with pre-planting costs deferred and post-harvest cultural costs estimated and accrued to the harvested crop. Harvested crops and animals held for sale may be carried at net realizable value if they have a reliable, readily determinable market price, insignificant and predictable disposal costs, and immediate availability for delivery; otherwise Subtopic 330-10 measurement applies.

ASC 330-908 governs inventory accounting for airlines, where "inventory" consists of expendable spare parts, materials, and supplies held for internal consumption rather than sale. Expendable parts are recorded at cost in a current asset account akin to a prepaid expense, carry an allowance for obsolescence tied to the lives of the related fleets, and are charged to expense as used.

ASC 330-910 was the inventory guidance specific to construction contractors, addressing how contractors accounted for inventoried costs (e.g., uninstalled materials and precontract costs) under Topic 330. All of its substantive paragraphs — Sections 05 (Overview and Background), 15 (Scope), 25 (Recognition), and 40 (Derecognition) — were superseded by Maintenance Update No. 2019-01, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Contractors now look to the general inventory guidance in Topic 330 and to the revenue and contract cost guidance in Topics 606 and 340-40.

This Subtopic gives government contractors narrow guidance on inventory affected by contracts terminated for the convenience of the government, plus disclosure of the accounting policy for costs included in contract inventory. If inventory whose costs are in the termination claim is later reacquired by the contractor, the reacquisition value is recorded as a purchase; in "no-cost settlements," where the contractor waives its claim, no sale transaction arises and retained inventory is accounted for under ordinary inventory methods rather than as a purchase.

This subtopic applies inventory accounting to film production and distribution entities that hold physical products for sale, such as videocassettes and digital video discs. Its core rule is that at each balance sheet date the entity must evaluate these product inventories for net realizable value and obsolescence exposure and record appropriate adjustments (330-926-35-1). Scope follows the Entertainment—Films Overall Subtopic scope in Section 926-10-15.

This subtopic governs how mining entities account for stripping costs — the costs of removing overburden and waste materials to access ore — incurred during the production phase of a mine. The core rule is that post-production-phase stripping costs are variable production costs that must be capitalized into the cost of the inventory (ore) extracted in the same period the stripping costs are incurred. Stripping costs incurred before the production phase (i.e., during development) are outside the scope of this subtopic.

This Subtopic governs inventory accounting for entities in the oil and gas (extractive activities) industry, borrowing the scope of ASC 932-10-15. Its core rules are prohibitions: energy trading contracts that are not derivatives under Topic 815 may not be subsequently measured at fair value through earnings, and physical inventories may not be measured at fair value unless another Topic permits it. Exchanges (buying and selling inventory with the same counterparty) are directed to ASC 845-10-15-5 through 15-9.

This Subtopic sets the inventory-related disclosure requirements for entities engaged in retail land sales operations, focusing on future expenditures for land improvements. Entities must disclose the estimated total costs and timing of improvement expenditures for major selling areas for each of the five years after the balance sheet date, plus any recorded obligations for improvements (330-976-50-1).

ASC 330-978 governs how time-share sellers measure time-sharing inventory (intervals) and cost of sales. Sellers must use the relative sales value method, applied phase by phase, with common costs (including amenities) allocated among benefited phases, and must recalculate total estimated time-sharing revenue and total costs at least quarterly. Changes in estimate are recorded as current-period adjustments, and rental/other activity during the holding period is treated as incidental operations that reduce the pool of inventory costs.

This subtopic governs how a software vendor accounts for the costs of producing physical copies of software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed. Costs of duplicating the software, documentation, and training materials from the product masters and of physically packaging the product for distribution are capitalized as inventory on a unit-specific basis (330-985-25-1). Those capitalized costs are charged to cost of sales when revenue from the sale of the related units is recognized (330-985-40-1).

ASC 340-30 tells you how to apply the deposit method of accounting to insurance and reinsurance contracts that fail to transfer insurance risk (which requires transfer of both timing risk and underwriting risk). At inception a deposit asset or liability is recognized at consideration paid or received less explicitly identified premiums or fees retained (340-30-25-1; 340-30-30-1). Subsequent measurement depends on which of four risk categories the contract falls into: effective-yield/interest-method accretion for timing-risk-only or no-risk contracts, unexpired-coverage plus present value of expected recoveries for underwriting-risk-only contracts, and the open-year method for indeterminate-risk contracts.

ASC 340-910 was the construction-contractor branch of the "Other Assets and Deferred Costs" topic, addressing precontract and other deferred costs incurred by construction contractors. Every substantive paragraph (05-1, 15-1, and 50-1) was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (the revenue recognition standard), so the subtopic is now an empty shell with no operative guidance. Costs to obtain and fulfill a contract with a customer are now accounted for under ASC 340-40.

ASC 340-928 governs when a music entity may capitalize advance royalties paid to artists, the cost of record masters, and minimum guarantees paid in advance by licensees. Capitalization hinges on recoverability: an advance royalty or the record company's share of record master cost is an asset only if the artist's past performance and current popularity provide a sound basis for estimating recovery from future royalties or sales. Capitalized amounts are charged to expense as royalties are earned or amortized over the recorded performance's life in relation to expected net revenue, with immediate write-off of nonrecoverable portions.

ASC 340-940 governs two broker-dealer asset/deferred-cost items: exchange memberships and deferred underwriting expenses. Memberships are classified based on the rights conveyed — as an intangible asset (trading right only), an ownership interest in the exchange (cost less impairment), or a contributed interest (fair value with an equal, offsetting subordinated liability). Underwriting expenses incurred before securities are issued are deferred and recognized when the related underwriting revenues are recorded, or written off if the deal does not close.

ASC 340-944 governs how insurance entities account for and report certain deferred costs and prepaid expenses, organized into a General Subsection and a Reinsurance Contracts Subsection. Its operative rule is that amounts an insurer pays a reinsurer for the unexpired portion of reinsured contracts — prepaid reinsurance premiums — must be reported separately as assets (340-944-25-1), rather than netted against related liabilities.

This Subtopic governs the accounting for the cost of issuing certain Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) securities by mortgage banking entities. Issuers electing the internal reserve method must capitalize the one month's interest cost required to be paid to a trustee (340-948-25-1), subject to a ceiling equal to the present value of net future servicing income (340-948-30-1). The capitalized amount is then amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, estimated net servicing income (340-948-35-1).

ASC 340-952 formerly contained the franchisor-specific guidance on deferred costs (for example, direct and indirect costs of franchise sales). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, and 25 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). Franchisors now account for costs of obtaining and fulfilling franchise contracts under ASC 340-40 and recognize franchise revenue under ASC 606 (including the industry guidance in ASC 952-606).

This Subtopic covers "other assets and deferred costs" of health care entities — prepaid expenses, deposits, and deferred expenses, including amounts paid to physicians for future services such as administering a hospital department or providing community services that further the entity's mission (340-954-05-2). If such prepaid costs are deferred, they must be amortized over the period benefited (340-954-35-2), and all such items are classified as current or noncurrent as appropriate (340-954-45-1). The former recognition guidance (Sections 25 and part of 35) was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so contract cost questions now fall under ASC 340-40 and revenue under ASC 606.

ASC 340-970 (the Real Estate Project Costs Subsections) governs when costs of real estate projects may be capitalized, how they are subsequently measured and amortized, and when they must be written off. Preacquisition costs are capitalized only if directly identifiable with a specific property, capitalizable if the property were owned, and acquisition is probable; option payments are always capitalized. Once a project is substantially completed and held available for occupancy, carrying and rental operating costs are expensed, depreciation begins, and capitalized rental costs are amortized.

This Subtopic governs deferred cost recognition for real estate time-sharing activities. The default rule is that all costs incurred to sell time-sharing intervals are expensed as incurred unless they qualify for capitalization as incremental costs of obtaining a contract under 340-40-25-1 through 25-4. Seller financing costs (e.g., loan origination costs) follow Subtopic 310-20, and incremental costs to rent units during holding periods are deferred and then expensed (or netted against inventory) when the rental occurs.

This subtopic governs when a rate-regulated entity may capitalize incurred costs as regulatory assets (deferred costs) and, in particular, how to account for phase-in plans — rate-making arrangements that defer part of the rate increase caused by placing a newly completed plant in service in order to avoid a "rate spike." A cost is capitalized only if it is probable that future revenue at least equal to the cost will result from including it in allowable costs and that revenue is intended to recover the previously incurred cost rather than fund similar future costs (980-340-25-1). Amounts deferred under a phase-in plan may be capitalized only for plants completed or substantially constructed before January 1, 1988, and only if the plan meets four strict criteria (980-340-25-3).

ASC 350-908 tells airlines how to account for purchased take-off and landing slots. Because the Department of Transportation permits airlines to sell or trade slots, a purchased slot is a salable right recorded as an intangible asset under Topic 350 (350-908-25-1). Slots acquired by exchanging slots with another airline are nonmonetary assets measured under Topic 845 and then accounted for under Topic 350 (350-908-35-2).

This Subtopic tells a broadcaster (licensee) how to account for rights acquired under a license agreement for program material: when to recognize the asset and related liability, at what amounts to record them, and how to amortize and test them for impairment. The core rule is that the license is treated as a purchase of a right or group of rights, recognized when the license period begins and three cost/acceptance/availability conditions are met, then amortized based on estimated future showings and carried at the lower of unamortized cost or fair value. It also governs accounting for terminated network affiliation agreements.

This Subtopic governs intangible-type costs incurred by cable television systems, principally programming and other system costs during the "prematurity period" and franchise application costs. During the prematurity period, fixed system costs incurred in anticipation of a fully operating system are split between current operations (expensed) and future operations (capitalized) using the subscriber-based fraction in 922-360-35-3, and amortization is computed using that same fraction. Costs of successful franchise applications are capitalized and amortized under Topic 350, while unsuccessful or abandoned franchise costs are expensed.

This Subtopic carves oil- and gas-producing entities out of the general intangible asset balance sheet classification and disclosure rules for their drilling and mineral rights. Because the oil and gas accounting framework turns on the level of established reserves rather than on whether an asset is tangible or intangible, the scope exception in 350-10-15-4(b) extends to the disclosure provisions, with disclosure instead governed by Section 932-235-50. Entities may voluntarily provide additional information about drilling and mineral rights but may not analogize this exception to other items in 350-10-15-4.

This subtopic applies Topic 350's goodwill and intangibles guidance to entities with regulated operations. Its core rule is that goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment under Topic 350 unless a regulator permits amortization of goodwill as an allowable cost for rate-making purposes, in which case the regulator's action provides reasonable assurance of a regulatory asset that is amortized over the period allowed for rate-making. It also addresses long-term power sales contracts acquired in a business combination and the need to review such contracts for loss-contract status.

ASC 350-985 is a link-only subtopic: it contains no substantive rules of its own but points readers to Subtopic 985-20 for the capitalization of computer software costs as intangible assets. Specifically, it directs users to 985-20-25-3 (costs of producing product masters incurred after technological feasibility is established) and 985-20-25-10 (purchased software having an alternative future use).

ASC 360-905 governs how agricultural producers account for property, plant, and equipment — land development, orchards/groves/vineyards, intermediate-life plants, and animals. The core rule is that development costs (permanent and limited-life land development, cultural costs of trees and vines, and direct and indirect costs of developing animals) are capitalized during the development period; permanent land development is never depreciated because it has an indefinite life, while limited-life development, plantings, and mature breeding/production animals are depreciated over estimated useful or productive lives beginning when commercial production or maturity is reached.

ASC 360-908 governs property, plant, and equipment accounting unique to airlines: unit versus group depreciation, rotable parts, airframe modifications, and airframe/engine overhauls. Its core rules are that modifications enhancing an aircraft's usefulness must be capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the aircraft's or the modification's useful life, and that overhauls must be accounted for under one of three permitted methods—direct expensing, built-in overhaul, or deferral—with the accrue-in-advance (accrual) method prohibited.

ASC 360-910 was the construction-contractor-specific guidance on property, plant, and equipment, but every substantive paragraph (05-1, 15-1, 25-1, and 35-1) was superseded by Maintenance Update No. 2019-01. The subtopic is now an empty shell containing no operative recognition, measurement, or scope guidance. Contractors therefore apply the general PP&E guidance in ASC 360-10 (and, for contract accounting, ASC 606 and ASC 340-40).

This subtopic governs how cable television entities account for plant and installation costs during the "prematurity period" — the span between the start of construction/marketing and the point at which the system is substantially complete and serving subscribers. Management must fix the prematurity period before revenue from the first subscriber is recognized (presumed not to exceed two years), capitalize cable plant costs and initial subscriber installation costs in full during that period, and record depreciation using a subscriber-based fraction rather than full depreciation. Distinguishable portions of a system in the prematurity period are accounted for and tested for recoverability separately.

This Subtopic gives mining-specific guidance on accounting for mineral rights and mining assets within Property, Plant, and Equipment. It clarifies that undeveloped land does not qualify for interest capitalization, how mineral resource asset current costs are measured when current cost disclosures are provided, and—most importantly—that impairment cash flow estimates for mining assets must include value beyond proven and probable reserves (with the related development and extraction outflows) and must reflect market-participant assumptions about mineral price fluctuations.

This subtopic governs how oil and gas entities capitalize, amortize, impair, and dispose of industry-specific property, plant, and equipment—mineral interests in properties, wells and related equipment and facilities, support equipment and facilities, and uncompleted wells—under the successful efforts method (full cost accounting is left to SEC literature). Only exploration and development costs that relate directly to specific oil and gas reserves are capitalized; other costs are expensed, and exploratory well costs are held in uncompleted wells pending a determination of whether proved reserves were found. Capitalized proved property and well costs are amortized by the unit-of-production method, unproved properties are periodically assessed for impairment via a valuation allowance, and conveyances of mineral interests generally produce no gain when they are poolings of assets or involve substantial future performance obligations.

This Subtopic addresses how depository and lending institutions (banks, savings institutions, credit unions) present property, plant, and equipment in their financial statements. Premises and equipment are generally reported as a single balance sheet caption, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, with the accumulated amount shown on the face of the balance sheet or in the notes. Net gains or losses on disposition of premises and equipment go into noninterest income or noninterest expense rather than a separate line.

This subtopic tells insurance entities how to account for and report real estate. Real estate is classified by predominant use as either a real estate investment or real estate used in the business, and real estate acquired in settling mortgage guaranty and title insurance claims is a third, separately reported category measured initially at fair value (investments are measured at cost, then cost less accumulated depreciation). Depreciation and impairment charges follow the balance sheet classification — investment income/realized gains and losses for investments, and adjustments to claim costs incurred for real estate acquired in settling claims.

This industry subtopic addresses how health care entities present property that is held for investment purposes rather than used in operations. Its single substantive rule is that such property is reported as part of investments (360-954-45-1), not within operating property, plant, and equipment. Its scope follows the health care entities Overall Subtopic scope in Section 954-10-15.

This subtopic governs how a defined contribution pension plan accounts for property, plant, and equipment that the plan itself uses in its operations. The core rule is that such operating assets — buildings, equipment, furniture and fixtures, and leasehold improvements — are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization, rather than at fair value like investment assets.

ASC 360-970 gathers the real estate–specific property, plant, and equipment guidance in two sets of subsections: Real Estate Syndication and Real Estate Project Costs. It requires costs clearly associated with the acquisition, development, and construction of a real estate project to be capitalized and then allocated to project components (by specific identification, then relative fair value/sales value, then area methods), addresses donated and abandoned real estate and changes in use, and applies the Subtopic 360-10 impairment model project by project. For syndications, fees paid to and rentals received from a developer-seller under a master leaseback are adjustments to the basis of the property.

This Subtopic tells common interest realty associations (CIRAs) — cooperatives, condominium associations, and homeowners associations — when to recognize common real and personal property as assets, how to measure it, and what to disclose. Cooperatives recognize all common real property because they hold title and can dispose of it and keep the proceeds; other CIRAs generally do not recognize real property directly associated with the units, and recognize property not directly associated with the units only if they have title or other evidence of ownership plus disposal discretion or significant cash-flow generation. Recognized property is measured at cost (or fair value if acquired in a nonmonetary transaction such as a developer transfer) and depreciated over estimated useful lives.

This Subtopic tells regulated entities (utilities) how to account for property, plant, and equipment in three situations: plant abandonments, disallowances of costs of recently completed plants, and capitalization of an allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC). When abandonment becomes probable, the asset's cost comes out of construction work-in-process or plant-in-service and a separate new asset is recorded — at full cost if a full return on investment is likely to be provided, or at the present value of expected future recovery revenues (discounted at the entity's incremental borrowing rate) if partial or no return is likely, with the shortfall and any probable, estimable disallowance recognized as a loss. When it becomes probable that part of the cost of a recently completed plant will be disallowed for rate-making purposes and the amount is reasonably estimable, that amount is deducted from the plant's reported cost and recognized as a loss.

ASC 405-30 governs when and how entities—insurers and self-insurers alike—accrue liabilities for statutory or regulatory insurance-related assessments such as state guaranty-fund assessments, insurance department administrative assessments, and workers' compensation second-injury fund assessments. A liability is recognized only when an assessment is probable, the obligating event has occurred by the balance sheet date, and the amount is reasonably estimable (405-30-25-1); the obligating event differs by assessment mechanism (retrospective vs. prospective vs. prefunded premium-based, and loss-based). Related recoveries via premium tax offsets or policy surcharges are recognized as assets when probable (405-30-25-8), but recoveries expected only through future premium rate structures are not (405-30-25-10).

ASC 405-905 governs liabilities of agricultural entities, with Cooperatives Subsections addressing how agricultural cooperatives account for product deliveries from patrons. When a pooling marketing cooperative's board assigns amounts to unprocessed products received from patrons, those assigned amounts must approximate estimated net realizable value and are credited to amounts due patrons, creating a short-term liability. Excess of pool revenues over assigned amounts and operating costs is paid or allocated to patrons pro rata, and retained allocated equities may be mandatorily redeemable instruments requiring liability classification under Subtopic 480-10.

ASC 405-912 tells federal government contractors how to present and disclose liabilities arising from terminated contracts and from progress/advance payments. Termination loans (even if government-guaranteed) are third-party liabilities shown as current liabilities with cross-reference to the related claim; unliquidated advance payments on a terminated contract are deducted from the claim receivable. Progress and advance payments accounted for as borrowings under 912-310-25-7 are reported as cash received from financing activities.

This Subtopic governs how broadcasters account for the liabilities they incur under license agreements for program material. A broadcaster recognizes both an asset (the program rights) and a liability when the license period begins and the conditions in 920-350-25-2 are met, measuring both at either the fair value or the gross amount of the liability, with any discount accreted as interest under Topic 835. The liability is then split between current and noncurrent on the balance sheet according to the payment terms.

This Subtopic governs two casino-specific liabilities: outstanding gaming chips and jackpot obligations. A casino recognizes a chip liability equal to the difference between chips placed in service and chips in its own custody/control, adjusted periodically for chips that will never be redeemed. Jackpot liabilities are accrued only when the casino has an obligation to pay — base jackpots that can be avoided (e.g., by pulling the machine) are not accrued, while the customer-funded incremental portion of a progressive jackpot is accrued as play occurs.

ASC 405-926 governs how film production and distribution entities accrue participation costs — amounts owed to third parties such as actors and writers — and costs of insignificant post-release changes to a film. Participation costs are accrued using the individual-film-forecast-computation method (current period actual revenue over estimated remaining unrecognized ultimate revenue at the beginning of the fiscal year), but only when it is probable an entity will sacrifice assets to settle the obligation, and never for less than amounts currently payable. If the recorded participation liability exceeds estimated unpaid ultimate participation costs, the excess reduces unamortized film costs first, then goes to income.

This subtopic tells a music licensee how to account for fees owed under a license agreement with the owner/licensor of a record master or music copyright that grants the right to sell or distribute records or music for a stipulated fee. Its single rule: license fees that are not fixed in amount before the agreement expires must be estimated and accrued, license by license.

This Subtopic addresses liabilities of brokers and dealers in securities, specifically stock-loan and repurchase (repo) transactions entered into to finance investment positions in lieu of a bank loan. Topic 860 supplies the general accounting for whether such transactions are sales or financings. If they are accounted for as financing transactions, the related rebate or interest expense must be presented in the income statement separately from any trading gains or losses.

This Subtopic governs how depository and lending institutions recognize, measure, present, and disclose deposit liabilities and short-sale obligations. Deposit liabilities are recognized when deposits are received (not when funds are collected), with deposit float recorded as both an asset and a liability, and credit unions must present member share/savings accounts unequivocally as liabilities. Short sales ("securities sold, not yet purchased") are reported as liabilities measured at fair value through income, with interest on short positions accrued as interest expense.

ASC 405-944 tells insurance entities where liability accounting guidance lives and adds one specific rule for reinsurance contracts. Liabilities for claims costs and future policyholder benefits are in Subtopic 944-40, premium deficiencies in 944-60, and policyholder dividends in 944-50. The substantive rule here: a ceding entity that agrees to service the reinsured contracts without reasonable compensation must accrue a liability for estimated excess future servicing costs (405-944-25-1).

This Subtopic gives presentation guidance for liabilities in an investment company's statement of assets and liabilities. It requires accounts payable to be broken out separately for investment securities purchased and for capital stock reacquired, and describes what falls into "other liabilities." Foreign-currency payables are translated at current exchange rates and may be grouped with the corresponding functional currency payables.

This Subtopic governs recognition and disclosure of liabilities unique to health care entities, principally accrued health care costs under capitation and other risk-bearing payor contracts. Providers that bear risk for referrals and outside services must accrue a liability for unpaid claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, and must accrue health care costs as services are rendered, including services required beyond the premium period and post-termination costs. It also clarifies that entering into a Medicare fraud settlement that requires five years of future compliance audits is not itself the obligating event, so no liability is recognized for those future audits.

This Subtopic explains when a regulator's rate actions create liabilities (regulatory liabilities) for an entity with regulated operations. Three mechanisms create liabilities: required refunds to customers that meet the loss-contingency accrual criteria, current rates collected to recover costs expected to be incurred in the future for which the entity remains accountable, and gains or other reductions of net allowable costs that the regulator requires be amortized to customers over future periods. A regulator's actions can eliminate a liability only if the regulator's actions imposed it in the first place.

ASC 410-980 explains how rate-regulated entities apply the asset retirement obligation (ARO) model of Subtopic 410-20. Because rate regulation may allow recovery of retirement costs on a timing pattern different from GAAP ARO cost recognition, a regulated entity that meets the requirements of Topic 980 recognizes a regulatory asset or regulatory liability for that timing difference. Capitalized asset retirement cost is included in long-lived asset impairment testing on the same basis as for any other entity.

ASC 430-922 formerly provided industry-specific guidance on deferred revenue for cable television companies (e.g., accounting for installation and hookup fees received before the related service was provided). Every paragraph in the subtopic — 430-922-05-1, 15-1, 25-1, 30-1, and 35-1 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09, the revenue recognition standard. As a result, the subtopic contains no operative guidance; cable television revenue and related contract liabilities are now accounted for under ASC 606.

This subtopic formerly addressed deferred revenue (advances and license fees received before recognition) for entertainment—films entities. Every substantive paragraph in Sections 05, 15, and 25 was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (the revenue standard), so the subtopic contains no remaining guidance. Film-related contract liabilities are now accounted for under ASC 606 and ASC 926-605/926-10 as amended.

ASC 430-928 was the deferred revenue guidance for the music industry (Entertainment—Music), addressing when amounts received (e.g., minimum guarantees or advances under licensing arrangements) had to be deferred rather than recognized. Every paragraph in the subtopic — 430-928-05-1, 430-928-15-1, and 430-928-25-1 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). No substantive guidance remains; music-industry deferred revenue questions are now answered under ASC 606 and the music-specific guidance in ASC 928-606.

ASC 430-954 formerly provided the deferred revenue guidance for health care entities, principally continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) accounting for nonrefundable advance (entrance) fees and refundable advance fees. Every paragraph in the subtopic has been superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers), and the transition paragraph 430-954-65-1 was superseded on 06/26/2015 following ASU 2012-01. The subtopic therefore contains no operative guidance; deferred revenue for health care entities is now addressed under ASC 606 and ASC 954-405/954-606.

ASC 430-972 was the deferred revenue guidance for common interest realty associations (CIRAs) — e.g., condominium and homeowners' associations — addressing when assessments and similar member charges collected in advance had to be deferred rather than recognized. All of its substantive paragraphs (05-1, 15-1, 25-1) were superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the subtopic is now an empty shell. CIRA revenue and deferral questions are instead resolved under ASC 606 and the related contract liability guidance.

This Subtopic governs disclosure by broadcasters of program license agreements that have been signed (executed) but that do not yet qualify for recognition as an asset and liability on the balance sheet. The single rule is that such executory license commitments must be disclosed in the notes, even though they are not recorded, because the recognition conditions in 920-350-25-2 have not been met.

This Subtopic sets the disclosure requirement for commitments in the music industry. An entity must disclose commitments to pay artist advances in future years and any guarantees obligating it to pay royalties in the future (440-928-50-1). It contains no recognition or measurement guidance—only disclosure.

ASC 440-952 was the franchisor-specific extension of the Commitments topic, but every substantive paragraph (05-1 overview, 15-1 scope, and 50-1 disclosure) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-09. The subtopic therefore contains no remaining guidance; franchisor commitment and disclosure requirements now fall under the general Commitments guidance in ASC 440-10 and, for franchise revenue, ASC 606.

This subtopic governs the commitment of a continuing care retirement community (CCRC) to provide future services and the use of facilities to current residents under continuing-care contracts. The CCRC must recalculate that obligation annually and, if advance fees plus periodic fees are insufficient to cover the cost of future services and facilities, record a liability measured actuarially at the present value of future net cash flows, less deferred revenue (contract liability), plus depreciation of facilities to be charged to those contracts and any unamortized incremental costs of obtaining a contract. Extensive note disclosure about the contracts, liability, discount rate, escrow requirements, and refund policy is required.

ASC 450-912 is the contingencies guidance specific to contractors dealing with the U.S. federal government. It addresses contingencies arising when a contract is terminated for the convenience of the government and contingencies related to subcontractor claims under those terminated contracts. The substantive recognition guidance is largely cross-referenced elsewhere—subcontractor claim contingencies are addressed in paragraph 912-20-25-3, and the former recognition paragraph was superseded by ASU 2014-09.

This subtopic applies Topic 450 loss-contingency principles to health care entities, principally medical malpractice claims, prepaid health care contract losses, and preferred provider "stop-loss" guarantees. Malpractice liabilities must be accrued when the incidents giving rise to the claims occur — including losses from incidents probable of having occurred but not yet reported — based on best estimates of ultimate claim costs, and may not be presented net of anticipated insurance recoveries. Losses on prepaid health care contracts are recognized when it is probable that expected future health care and maintenance costs on a group of existing contracts will exceed anticipated future premiums and stop-loss recoveries.

This subtopic addresses loss contingencies for entities with regulated operations (rate-regulated utilities). Its core rule: when a regulator allows an entity to recover an amount for a contingency in rates even though the amount does not meet the accrual criteria of 450-20-25-2, and the regulator requires the entity to remain accountable for amounts collected but not yet spent for the intended purpose, the increased charges to customers give rise to a liability rather than income.

This subtopic applies the general guarantee accounting model in Topic 460 to health care entities, following the scope of Subtopic 954-10. Its only substantive content points to Topic 460's guidance on minimum revenue guarantees, illustrated by a health care entity's guarantee of minimum revenue to a recruited physician.

This Subtopic governs how oil and gas entities account for certain "conveyance" transactions that are, in substance, borrowings repayable in cash or its equivalent. Under 470-932-25-1, such arrangements must be recorded as a payable by the operator receiving the funds and a receivable by the party advancing the funds, rather than as a sale or conveyance of mineral interests.

This Subtopic gives industry-specific presentation and disclosure rules for the borrowings and long-term obligations of depository and lending institutions. Significant categories of borrowings must appear as separate balance sheet line items (or one line with note detail of components), mortgage transfers treated as secured borrowings under Topic 860 must be shown as debt separately from advances, other notes payable and subordinated debt, and notes must describe the principal terms of each debt agreement. Fair value estimates of deposit liabilities must exclude core deposit intangibles.

This subtopic governs how an insurance entity that issues surplus notes (also called certificates of contribution, surplus debentures, or capital notes) accounts for them under GAAP. The core rule is that surplus notes are debt, not equity: they are presented as liabilities and interest is accrued over the note's life even though the domiciliary state insurance commissioner must approve each principal and interest payment (470-944-25-1, 35-1, 45-1).

This Subtopic gives health care entity-specific debt guidance, principally for tax-exempt bond financings. Bonds issued by a financing authority for a health care entity's benefit are recorded as a liability (or lease liability) only if the entity is responsible for repayment; otherwise the proceeds are reported as contributions from the sponsoring entity. It also addresses arbitrage rebate liabilities owed to the U.S. Treasury and the accounting for crossover refundings.

This subtopic tells a real estate developer when it must record a liability for infrastructure debt issued by a municipality (special assessments) or by a tax increment financing (TIF) entity. The core rule is a presumption of liability recognition when the assessment levied on each individual property owner is a fixed or determinable amount for a fixed or determinable period (470-970-25-1); if the assessment is not fixed or determinable, no obligation is recorded, but credit support features (shortfall make-up, pledged assets, letters of credit) must be evaluated as contingencies under Topic 450 and possibly as guarantees under Topic 460.

This Subtopic modifies the general rule that gains and losses on early extinguishment of debt hit income immediately (Subtopic 470-50) for entities whose rates are set by a regulator. If the regulator will recover a reacquisition loss through future rates, the regulated entity capitalizes the excess of reacquisition price over net carrying amount as a regulatory asset; if the regulator will reduce future rates for a gain, the entity records a regulatory liability. Either amount is amortized as an adjustment of interest expense over the period reflected in rate-making.

This Subtopic governs how entities in the agricultural industry — principally agricultural cooperatives — classify and present equity. Its core rule is that cooperative earnings are split between patronage source earnings (from transactions with or for patrons) and nonpatronage earnings, and that allocated equities such as retained patronage allocations and per-unit retains are presented as equity when they have no fixed maturity date and are subordinated to all debt. Unallocated nonpatronage earnings are classified as retained earnings, and allocated equities become current liabilities only when the board formally acts to revolve them.

This Subtopic prescribes the note disclosures a bank, savings institution, credit union, foreign bank branch, or holding company must make about regulatory capital. At a minimum, the entity must describe the capital adequacy and prompt corrective action requirements, the actual/possible effects of noncompliance, whether it is in compliance (with required and actual capital ratios and amounts for each balance sheet date), and the prompt corrective action category it was assigned at its most recent notification (942-505-50-1). Noncompliance may, with other factors, raise substantial doubt about going concern.

This Subtopic sets the equity-related disclosure requirements for insurance entities, focusing on statutory capital and surplus and how statutory accounting practices constrain dividends. Entities must disclose statutory capital and surplus, the amount needed to meet regulatory requirements, and restrictions on retained earnings available for dividends (505-944-50-1). When state-prescribed or permitted statutory accounting practices differ from NAIC statutory accounting practices and produce a significantly different statutory surplus or risk-based capital, the entity must describe the practice and quantify its monetary effect on statutory surplus (505-944-50-2 through 50-3).

This Subtopic governs equity transactions and reporting for investment companies, focusing on capital share transactions and distributions to shareholders. It requires per-class disclosure of net asset value per share and the components of the net change in net assets from capital share transactions, along with tax-basis components of dividends paid. Return of capital is determined only at the fund level, not per class.

ASC 605-10 is the residual "Overall" subtopic of the legacy Revenue Recognition Topic; after ASU 2014-09 substantially all of its recognition guidance was superseded and replaced by Topic 606. What remains is a navigational shell: it states that no revenue recognition guidance is located in Topic 605, points to industry Subtopics that still govern revenue for contracts not with customers within Topic 606's scope, and directs users to the Subtopics containing guidance on provisions for losses on onerous contracts.

ASC 605-905 provides industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for agricultural entities, with separate General and Cooperatives Subsections. It requires government income replacement and subsidy payments (deficiency, disaster, and other program payments) to be recorded as additional income when the amount of and right to receive the payment can be reasonably determined (605-905-25-1). For agricultural cooperatives it describes accepted methods of allocating overall, departmental, and functional losses among patrons, equities, and unallocated retained earnings, and distinguishes patronage from nonpatronage earnings (605-905-45-1). Most of the customer-revenue paragraphs were superseded by ASU 2014-09.

ASC 605-908 was the legacy industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for airlines (passenger ticket sales, frequent flyer/mileage programs, and related items). Every paragraph in Sections 05, 15, and 25 has been superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Airline revenue is now accounted for under ASC 606 (with airline-specific implementation guidance in ASC 606-10-55 and Subtopic 908-606).

ASC 605-910 was the construction-contractor revenue guidance nested in the legacy revenue recognition topic (ASC 605). Every substantive paragraph in Sections 05, 15, 25, and 50 was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers), leaving the subtopic as an empty shell. Construction contractors now apply ASC 606 for revenue and ASC 340-40 for contract costs.

ASC 605-912 was the legacy industry guidance on revenue recognition for contractors with the U.S. federal government, covering matters such as recognition of fees, contract terminations, renegotiation and price redetermination. Every paragraph in the subtopic (Sections 05, 15, 25, and 50) was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the subtopic contains no remaining substantive guidance. Federal government contractors now apply ASC 606 (with related guidance in ASC 340-40) and, if applicable, the residual industry guidance in ASC 912.

ASC 605-920 formerly provided industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for broadcasters (entertainment industry), including recognition of barter and license/advertising revenue. All of its substantive paragraphs (605-920-05-1 and 605-920-25-1) were superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the subtopic is now an empty shell. Broadcaster revenue is instead accounted for under the general revenue model in ASC 606, with related industry guidance in ASC 926.

ASC 605-922 formerly contained industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for cable television entities (e.g., accounting for installation and hookup revenue and initial subscriber fees). Every paragraph in the subtopic — scope, background, and recognition — was superseded by ASU 2014-09, the revenue recognition standard. Cable television revenue is now accounted for under ASC 606, with related industry guidance in ASC 922 and contract cost guidance in ASC 340-40.

ASC 605-924 formerly contained the industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for casinos (gaming revenue, casino jackpot liabilities, and related presentation). Every substantive paragraph has been superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the subtopic carries no remaining guidance. Casino revenue is now accounted for under ASC 606, with any surviving industry considerations in ASC 924 and ASC 606-10-55.

ASC 605-926 formerly contained the industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for entertainment—films (licensing of films to theaters, television, home video, and other markets). Every paragraph in the subtopic — scope, recognition, disclosure, and implementation guidance — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (the revenue standard). Film revenue is now accounted for under ASC 606, with related industry guidance retained in ASC 926-605 and other 926 subtopics.

ASC 605-928 formerly provided industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for the music industry (licensors of music rights, record masters, and related fees). Every paragraph in the subtopic — scope, recognition, initial measurement, and relationships sections — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). Entities now account for music-industry revenue under ASC 606 and, for licensing arrangements, ASC 606-10-55-54 through 55-65, with residual industry guidance in ASC 928.

ASC 605-932 was the oil and gas industry-specific guidance under the legacy revenue recognition model (ASC 605), addressing revenue recognition for extractive activities such as gas balancing arrangements. Every substantive paragraph in the subtopic (05-1, 15-1, 25-2, and 50-1) was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the subtopic now contains no operative guidance. Oil and gas revenue is instead accounted for under ASC 606, with industry-specific application guidance in ASC 932-606.

ASC 605-940 formerly provided industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for brokers and dealers in securities (e.g., trade-date recognition of commissions and related expenses, and measurement of such revenues). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 25 and 30 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the subtopic contains no remaining operative guidance. Broker-dealer revenue from contracts with customers is now accounted for under ASC 606, with related industry implementation guidance in ASC 940-605.

ASC 605-942 was the industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for depository and lending institutions (financial services) under the legacy ASC 605 model. Every paragraph in its Overview (05), Scope (15), and Recognition (25) sections was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Revenue from contracts with customers for banks and lenders is now addressed under ASC 606 (with financial-instrument-related income remaining in ASC 310, 320, 815, 825, 942, etc.).

ASC 944-605 governs when and how insurance entities recognize premium revenue, split into short-duration, long-duration, reinsurance, and financial guarantee subsections. Short-duration premiums are earned over the contract (or risk) period in proportion to insurance protection provided; long-duration premiums are recognized when due from policyholders; universal life-type contract revenue is limited to amounts assessed against policyholders, with front-end fees deferred as unearned revenue. Reinsurance sections address prepaid reinsurance premiums, deferral and amortization of retroactive reinsurance gains, and the open year versus periodic method for foreign reinsurance.

ASC 605-946 was the legacy revenue recognition guidance for investment company activities (notably investment advisers' incentive/performance-based fee arrangements) under the superseded Topic 605 model. Every paragraph in Sections 05, 15, 25, and 50 was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The subtopic now contains no operative guidance; revenue from such contracts is accounted for under ASC 606 (with related costs under ASC 340-40).

ASC 605-948 formerly provided revenue recognition guidance for mortgage banking activities (notably loan servicing fees and related mortgage banking revenues) under the legacy ASC 605 model. Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, and 25 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The subtopic therefore contains no operative guidance today; mortgage banking revenue is addressed under ASC 606 and the specialized guidance retained in ASC 948.

ASC 605-952 formerly contained the industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for franchisors (initial franchise fees, area franchise sales, continuing fees, and related disclosures). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 25, 35, 40, 45, and 50 — has been superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). Franchisors now apply ASC 606 (with ASC 340-40 for contract costs), including the franchisor-specific implementation guidance and, for private companies, the practical expedient added by ASU 2021-02.

ASC 605-970 formerly provided the legacy revenue recognition guidance for real estate—general transactions (including profit recognition and measurement on real estate sales). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 25, 30, 35, and 55 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). No substantive guidance remains; entities apply ASC 606 (and ASC 610-20 for sales of nonfinancial assets to noncustomers) instead.

ASC 605-972 formerly provided revenue recognition guidance for common interest realty associations (CIRAs), such as condominium and homeowners' associations, addressing assessments from members. Every paragraph in the subtopic — scope, recognition, presentation, and disclosure — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). CIRA revenue transactions are now evaluated under ASC 606, with any surviving industry guidance located in ASC 606-10 or ASC 972.

ASC 605-974 formerly provided industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for real estate investment trusts under the legacy ASC 605 revenue model. Every paragraph in the subtopic (Sections 05, 15, 25, 45, and 50) was superseded by ASU 2014-09, the revenue standard. REIT revenue transactions are now accounted for under ASC 606 (contracts with customers) or, for rental income, under the leases guidance in ASC 842.

ASC 605-976 formerly contained the industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for retail land sales (sales of lots in subdivided developments, typically on installment contracts with refund/cancellation periods), including the percentage-of-completion and installment methods for such sales. Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 25, 30, 35, and 55 — was superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The subtopic therefore contains no remaining operative guidance; retail land sales are now accounted for under ASC 606 (and ASC 610-20 for sales of nonfinancial assets to noncustomers).

ASC 605-978 formerly contained the specialized revenue recognition guidance for real estate time-sharing transactions (interval sales, vacation clubs), including profit recognition tests, buyer's commitment and continuing investment thresholds, relative sales value accounting, and reload/upgrade transactions. Every paragraph in every section of the subtopic was superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09. Time-sharing revenue is now accounted for under ASC 606, with transfers of real estate outside a customer contract addressed in ASC 610-20.

ASC 605-980 is the surviving remnant of the old revenue standard for entities with regulated operations (and nonutility generators), governing recognition of revenue from "alternative revenue programs" — regulator-authorized adjustments to future billings for past events. Type A programs adjust billings for weather abnormalities, broad external factors, or demand-side management; Type B programs award incentives for achieving objectives such as cost reduction or improved service. Revenue is recognized once the triggering events are complete if the program arises from a regulatory order allowing automatic rate adjustment, the amount is objectively determinable and probable of recovery, and collection occurs within 24 months after the end of the annual period of recognition (605-980-25-4).

After ASU 2014-09 gutted nearly all of its content, ASC 605-985 survives only to address recognizing a provision for losses on contracts to deliver software or a software system (alone or with other products and services) that require significant production, modification, or customization of software. It expressly provides no revenue recognition guidance; revenue for such arrangements is accounted for under Topic 606, with the loss provision guidance in Subtopic 605-35. If it becomes probable that the transaction price allocated to an unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligation will produce a loss, that loss is recognized under Topic 450.

This subtopic gives franchisors that are not public business entities a practical expedient for identifying performance obligations under Topic 606. Rather than applying the general distinct analysis to the franchise license, a private franchisor may treat listed pre-opening services (site selection, facility assistance, training, manuals, bookkeeping/IT/advisory, quality control) as distinct from the franchise license, and may further elect as an accounting policy to treat all such pre-opening services as a single performance obligation. The expedient affects only step 2 of the model; allocation of transaction price and timing of recognition still follow Topic 606.

ASC 705-905 is a "link-only" subtopic: it contains no substantive rules of its own and simply directs agricultural cooperatives to the guidance elsewhere in the Agriculture topic on when unprocessed products received from patrons are charged to cost of goods sold. The core point is that a COGS charge (and the related liability to patrons) arises only when the cooperative's board of directors assigns an amount to those unprocessed products.

ASC 705-912 formerly contained cost-of-sales guidance for contractors with the federal government, addressing matters such as contract costs and related recognition and disclosure. Every paragraph in the subtopic (scope, recognition, and disclosure) was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The subtopic is therefore an empty shell; federal government contractors now apply ASC 606 and the cost guidance in ASC 340-40.

This Subtopic governs how film production and distribution entities account for costs of manufacturing or duplicating products held for sale, such as videocassettes and digital video discs. Manufacturing/duplication costs are charged to expense on a unit-specific basis when the related product revenue is recognized (705-926-25-1). The cost of theatrical film prints is instead expensed over the period benefited (705-926-25-2).

ASC 705-976 addresses the measurement of costs related to retail land sales, using the same scope as the Real Estate—Retail Land Overall Subtopic (976-10-15). Its substantive initial measurement guidance was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so the Subtopic now simply directs preparers to Subtopic 340-40 for incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer and costs to fulfill a contract.

ASC 705-985 is a "links only" subtopic that points to the authoritative guidance elsewhere in the Codification on cost of sales and services for computer software. Its content is that amortization of capitalized software development costs for products marketed to others is charged to cost of sales or a similar expense category (per 985-20-45-1), while duplication/packaging costs are inventory costs under 985-330 and costs to keep software current with hardware revisions are addressed in 985-20-55-11 through 55-12.

ASC 710-908 is the Airlines industry sub-subtopic of Compensation—General, but every section shown (05 Overview, 15 Scope, 25 Recognition, 30 Initial Measurement) is marked "Section not used," meaning the Codification carries no incremental airline-specific guidance in those sections. A reader must therefore apply the general compensation guidance in ASC 710 (and any airline guidance located elsewhere in ASC 908) to airline compensation arrangements.

This Subtopic addresses compensated absences and other compensation-related costs for entities with regulated operations. Even though a regulator may allow such compensation in rates only when paid, the entity must still accrue the liability under Topic 710 because regulator rate actions cannot eliminate obligations the regulator did not impose. Because the cost will be recoverable in future rates as paid, the entity simultaneously records a regulatory asset representing the probable future increased revenue.

ASC 715-912 is the industry-specific overlay applying retirement benefit accounting to government contractors. Its scope mirrors the Contractors—Federal Government Overall Subtopic (912-10-15), and its only substantive requirement is a disclosure consideration: contractors should consider disclosing the effect of the government's rights to any excess pension plan assets if a plan terminates.

ASC 715-930 governs how coal industry entities account for postretirement medical and death benefit obligations imposed by the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992, which assigns beneficiaries (and a share of "orphan" beneficiaries) of the UMWA Combined Benefit Fund to former signatories of coal wage agreements. Entities still operating in the coal industry may elect to account for the obligation either as participation in a multiemployer plan or as a liability imposed by the Act; entities electing liability treatment, and all entities no longer operating in the coal industry, must recognize the entire obligation as a loss under Subtopic 450-20 (715-930-25-1). Losses so recognized are presented as an unusual or infrequently occurring item, and the impact of the Act must be disclosed.

ASC 715-980 tells rate-regulated entities how to account for the difference between net periodic pension cost (715-30) or net periodic postretirement benefit cost (715-60) and the amounts of those costs allowed for rate-making purposes. The regulator's actions create a regulatory asset (deferred cost whose recovery is probable) or a liability (unearned revenue collected for future costs), which changes only the timing of expense recognition, not the underlying 715-30/715-60 measurement. Deferral of 715-60 costs as a regulatory asset is permitted only if strict criteria about the rate order, five-year phase-in, roughly 20-year deferral-recovery period, and non-increasing rate escalation are met.

ASC 720-40 addresses when a producer must recognize a liability and expense for the cost of disposing of "historical waste" electrical and electronic equipment held by private households under EU Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE). Because the Directive funds historical household waste collectively by producers selling in the market during a country-defined measurement period, the obligating event is participation in that market — so no liability may be recognized before the measurement period begins, regardless of how much qualifying equipment the producer previously sold (720-40-25-1). The liability is accrued over the measurement period based on estimated total program costs and the producer's estimated market share, and is adjusted as actual data arrives (720-40-25-3; 720-40-35-1).

ASC 720-50 governs how pharmaceutical manufacturers and health insurers account for the annual, non-tax-deductible fees payable to the U.S. Treasury under the Affordable Care Act (as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act). The entire estimated annual fee liability is recognized in full upon the first qualifying event in the calendar year (first branded prescription drug sale, or first provision of U.S. health risk insurance), with an offsetting deferred cost amortized to expense — normally straight-line — over that calendar year. The fee is presented as an operating expense.

ASC 720-908 governs how airlines account for route developmental costs, preoperating costs, and certain maintenance/overhaul costs. The core rule is expense-as-incurred: because route expansion is a normal, recurring activity in a deregulated environment with uncertain recoverability, these costs may not be capitalized. It also addresses the direct expensing method for overhauls and the cost of repairing rotables.

This Subtopic tells cable television entities which industry-specific costs must be expensed rather than capitalized. During the prematurity period (while a cable system is being built out and partially marketed), subscriber-related costs and general and administrative expenses are period costs. Costs of disconnecting/reconnecting subscribers after initial installation, and costs of unsuccessful franchise applications or abandoned franchises, are also charged to expense.

This Subtopic governs how a casino entity accounts for the cost of promotional allowances — complimentary goods and services (comps) such as rooms, food, beverages, and entertainment given to customers. Its single substantive rule is that the cost of providing those promotional allowances is included in costs and expenses (720-924-25-1). Scope follows the casino Overall Subtopic, Section 924-10-15.

This Subtopic governs how film production and distribution entities account for certain costs incurred to develop and market a film, including overall deal costs and exploitation costs. Costs of overall deals that cannot be identified with specific projects are charged to expense as incurred over the related time period (720-926-25-1), advertising costs follow Subtopic 720-35 (720-926-25-2), and all other exploitation costs, including marketing costs, are expensed as incurred (720-926-25-3).

This Subtopic tells music-industry entities when to expense artist royalties, record master production costs, advance minimum guarantees paid by licensees, and other license fees. The core rule is that artist royalties (adjusted for anticipated returns) are charged to expense in the period the record sale occurs, advances are expensed as royalties are subsequently earned, and any advance or minimum guarantee that appears unrecoverable is expensed when the loss becomes evident (720-928-25-1, 720-928-25-3).

This Subtopic identifies costs unique to oil- and gas-producing activities that do not result in acquisition of an asset and therefore must be charged to expense as incurred. Under the successful efforts framework, geological and geophysical (G&G) costs, costs of carrying and retaining undeveloped properties, dry hole and bottom hole contributions, and the costs of exploratory wells (and exploratory-type stratigraphic test wells) that do not find proved reserves are expensed immediately. It also notes the customary practice of accumulating an in-house exploration department's costs and allocating them to exploration activities using standardized charges.

This short subtopic addresses how brokers and dealers in securities account for mutual fund distribution costs. Its only substantive instruction is a cross-reference: for 12b-1 fees and contingent deferred sales charges, apply the cost guidance in Subtopic 946-720 (Investment Companies—Other Expenses). Its scope follows the broker-dealer Overall Subtopic scope in Section 940-10-15.

This Subtopic governs how depository institutions account for assessments imposed by the Financing Corporation (FICO) under the Deposit Insurance Funds Act of 1996, which requires institutions with deposits assessable by the Deposit Insurance Fund to help finance outstanding FICO bonds. The single rule is that the FICO assessment is reported as a period cost as incurred (720-942-25-1) rather than capitalized or accrued for future periods.

ASC 944-720 tells insurance entities which costs must be expensed as incurred rather than capitalized as deferred acquisition costs. Because 944-30-25-1A permits capitalization only of incremental direct acquisition costs relating to successful contract acquisitions or renewals, everything else — non-qualifying acquisition-related costs and all indirect costs — is charged to expense as incurred (944-720-25-2).

This Subtopic tells investment advisers and mutual fund distributors how to account for costs incurred to distribute fund shares. The general rule: if the adviser does not receive both 12b-1 fees and contingent-deferred sales fees, the distribution/offering costs fail the definition of an asset and must be expensed as incurred (with initial offering costs treated as start-up costs under Subtopic 720-15). Distributors of no-front-end-load mutual funds instead defer and amortize incremental direct costs and expense indirect costs as incurred.

This Subtopic governs how a mortgage banking enterprise accounts for fees it pays to permanent investors to assure the ultimate sale of residential or commercial loans. Such commitment fees are expensed when the loans are actually sold to the permanent investor, or earlier if it becomes evident the commitment will not be used. Because residential commitments typically cover blocks of loans, the fee is allocated to individual loan transactions on the ratio of the individual loan amount to the total commitment amount.

ASC 720-952 was the franchisor-specific guidance on other expenses (franchise costs such as direct and indirect costs of franchise sales and continuing franchise services). Every paragraph in the subtopic has been superseded — the recognition, presentation and other guidance by Maintenance Update 2017-09 and the disclosure paragraph by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). As a result, the subtopic contains no operative guidance today; franchisor cost accounting is addressed under ASC 606 and ASC 340-40.

ASC 720-954 governs how health care entities account for insurance-related and other operating expenses, principally retrospectively rated insurance policies, claims-made policies, malpractice loss accruals, multiprovider captive insurance arrangements, and stop-loss insurance. The core rules turn on whose loss experience drives the premium: if the entity's own experience, the minimum premium is expensed over the coverage period and recoveries are deferred until estimated losses exceed the stipulated maximum premium; if a group's experience, additional premiums or refunds are accrued based on group experience to date, including asserted and unasserted, reported and unreported claims.

ASC 720-970 addresses when real estate project costs must be expensed rather than capitalized. Its core rules: internal costs of preacquisition activities for a property that will be an operating property at acquisition date are expensed as incurred (720-970-25-1), and indirect costs not clearly related to projects under development or construction — including general and administrative expenses — are charged to expense as incurred (720-970-25-3). The Subtopic defines "operating" property as one where major construction is substantially complete and the property is either available for occupancy upon tenant improvements or already income-producing (720-970-25-2).

This Subtopic tells common interest realty associations (CIRAs) — such as condominium and homeowners' associations — how to account for expenditures on major repairs or replacements of common property. Under 720-972-25-1, a CIRA that uses fund accounting charges such expenditures to the fund(s) established for major repairs and replacements; if the expenditure relates to common property that has been recognized as an asset, the amount is instead reported as a transfer to the operating fund (or property fund, if one exists).

This subtopic governs how a real estate investment trust (REIT) accounts for "operating support" received from its external adviser — arrangements designed to guarantee the REIT a certain return, such as buying loans or property above fair value, debt forgiveness, advisory fee reductions, compensating balances, or cash payments. The REIT must adjust any transferred assets or liabilities to fair value at the transaction date and recognize the support effectively obtained as income or as a reduction of advisory fees. The effect of these transactions must be reported separately in the income statement and fully disclosed as a related party relationship.

This subtopic governs how a time-share seller accounts for other expenses of time-sharing activities — chiefly selling and marketing costs and subsidies of the owners association. The core rule is that all costs incurred to sell time-sharing intervals are expensed as incurred unless they qualify for capitalization as costs to obtain a contract under ASC 340-40-25-1 through 25-4, and seller payments of dues, maintenance fees, or subsidies of owners association losses are likewise expensed as incurred.

This subtopic tells government contractors how to account for best-efforts-basis, research-and-development-cost-sharing arrangements with the federal government. When all six scope conditions in 730-912-15-2 are met (qualifying R&D, contractor retains rights to data/results, best-efforts-only obligation, mutual expectation that costs will exceed funding, no contract combination under 606-10-25-9, and the federal government as sole or principal ultimate customer), the arrangement is not a revenue contract under Topic 606. Instead, costs are expensed as R&D as incurred under Topic 730, and customer funding is recorded as an offset to aggregate R&D expense rather than as contract revenue (730-912-25-1).

ASC 730-985 is a "link" subtopic: it contains no substantive rules of its own but points readers from the research and development Topic to the software guidance. It directs users to 985-20-25-1 for costs incurred to establish the technological feasibility of software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed, and to 985-20-25-8 through 25-10 for the cost of purchased software to be marketed.

ASC 740-852 gives incremental income tax guidance for entities emerging from Chapter 11 that qualify for fresh-start reporting and for entities that effect a quasi-reorganization. Under fresh-start reporting, deferred taxes follow ordinary GAAP, and tax benefits of preconfirmation NOL carryforwards and deductible temporary differences recognized later (by releasing the valuation allowance) reduce income tax expense. After a quasi-reorganization, by contrast, subsequently recognized tax benefits of deductible temporary differences and carryforwards that existed at the quasi-reorganization date are credited directly to contributed capital, not income.

This Subtopic applies Topic 740's deferred tax model to casino entities, identifying the common situations where casino book accounting diverges from income tax reporting. Under 740-924-25-1, deferred income taxes arise from three recurring casino differences: casino receivables recognized for books but taxed when collected, costs deferred for books but expensed for tax, and progressive slot jackpots accrued from meter readings for books but deducted for tax when paid. It provides no separate scope, following the scope of Subtopic 924-10 (740-924-15-1).

This subtopic covers income tax accounting peculiar to oil- and gas-producing activities. Its core rules: the tax benefit of statutory depletion in excess of cost depletion is recognized only in the period the excess is deducted on the tax return (no deferred tax asset before then), and the likelihood that future statutory depletion will reduce or eliminate future taxable income must be weighed in the more-likely-than-not realizability assessment for deferred tax assets. It also notes that costs such as intangible drilling and development costs and geological and geophysical costs are deducted for tax purposes in periods different from when they are expensed or amortized for book purposes, creating temporary differences.

This subtopic applies Topic 740 to stock and mutual savings and loan associations and mutual savings banks, whose tax bad-debt reserve deductions differ from book bad-debt experience. Its core rule is an exception to comprehensive deferred tax recognition: no deferred tax liability is recognized for the tax bad-debt reserve that arose in tax years beginning before December 31, 1987 (the base-year amount), while a deferred tax liability must be recognized for reserve amounts in excess of the base year. Related valuation allowance, measurement, and disclosure requirements are specified.

This Subtopic applies Topic 740's income tax model to insurance entities. Deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for temporary differences generally, but a life insurance entity does not provide deferred taxes on taxable temporary differences related to policyholders' surplus arising in fiscal years beginning on or before December 15, 1992 — unless a known or expected reduction in that surplus makes tax payment likely, in which case the attributable tax is accrued currently. Disclosure of unrecognized deferred tax liabilities under the Topic 740 exceptions is required.

This subtopic gives investment companies the income tax accounting and reporting rules unique to their industry. Its core rules are narrow: any provision for deferred income taxes on unrealized appreciation must be charged against the unrealized gains account (946-740-35-1) and disclosed as such in the statement of operations (946-740-50-1). Implementation guidance addresses regulated investment companies' post-October capital and foreign currency loss deferrals and how they factor into deferred tax disclosures.

This subtopic is a very short industry-specific overlay to ASC 740 that applies only to not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities. Its single substantive rule is a disclosure requirement: a tax-exempt health care entity must disclose its tax-exempt status (740-954-50-1). It adds no recognition or measurement guidance beyond the general income tax model.

This Subtopic applies Topic 740's income tax guidance to common interest realty associations (CIRAs), such as homeowners' and condominium associations. Because a CIRA's income taxes generally do not relate to an excess of revenues over expenses, the tax provision may be presented among other operating expenses in the statement of revenues and expenses rather than as a separate below-the-line item. It also imposes CIRA-specific note disclosures about filing status, tax liability, and expiring credits.

This subtopic applies ASC 740 to entities whose rates are regulated and that meet the criteria in 980-10-15-2. It prohibits net-of-tax accounting, requires a deferred tax liability for tax benefits flowed through to customers and for the equity component of the allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC), and requires deferred taxes to be adjusted for enacted changes in tax law or rates. When it is probable that a regulator will allow recovery from (or require refund to) customers of those future tax amounts, the entity recognizes a separate regulatory asset or liability, which is itself a temporary difference generating additional deferred tax.

ASC 740-995 formerly provided industry-specific income tax guidance for U.S. steamship entities, which had been permitted to leave unrecognized deferred taxes on statutory reserve deposits that arose in fiscal years beginning before December 15, 1992. Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-15 superseded every paragraph in the subtopic (05-1, 15-1, 25-1, 25-2, 50-1, 50-2), so no guidance remains. Steamship entities now account for income taxes under the general requirements of Topic 740.

This Subtopic gives industry-specific guidance on how a mining entity measures mineral rights and other mining assets in a business combination purchase price allocation. It requires that value beyond proven and probable reserves (VBPP) be included in the value allocated to mining assets to the extent a market participant would include it, and that anticipated future mineral price fluctuations be reflected consistently with marketplace participant expectations.

ASC 805-944 tells insurance entities how to account for insurance and reinsurance contracts acquired in a business combination and how to account for demutualizations (or formation of a mutual insurance holding entity). Acquired insurance/reinsurance contracts are treated as new contracts, recognized at fair value but split into (a) amounts measured under the acquirer's own insurance accounting policies and (b) an intangible asset (or liability) for the residual, while the acquiree's classification as insurance versus deposit contract is carried forward. A demutualization is not itself a change in ownership requiring a new accounting basis; instead the entity computes a one-time actuarial calculation of maximum future closed-block earnings and records a policyholder dividend obligation whenever cumulative actual closed-block earnings exceed cumulative expected earnings.

This Subtopic addresses consolidation issues for construction contractors, principally the availability of proportionate gross presentation for investments in unincorporated entities (such as construction joint ventures) that are accounted for under the equity method. Per 810-910-45-1, referencing 810-10-45-14, proportionate gross presentation is generally prohibited for equity-method investments in unincorporated legal entities, but an exception exists when the investee operates in the construction industry (or an extractive industry). Its scope follows that of Subtopic 910-10 (see 910-10-15).

This Subtopic addresses when a mining entity may use proportionate consolidation — presenting its pro rata share of an investee's assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses on a gross basis rather than as a one-line equity method investment. Proportionate consolidation is permitted only where it has been established industry practice, and for extractive activities it is limited to unincorporated legal entities whose activities are confined to the extraction of mineral resources. Entities engaged in refining, marketing, or transporting extracted minerals are not "in an extractive industry" for this purpose.

This Subtopic permits proportionate consolidation (a proportionate gross presentation of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses) for oil and gas ventures, an exception to the general rule that equity method investments in unincorporated entities are presented on a one-line basis. It applies only where proportionate consolidation is established industry practice, and the oil and gas industry is such an industry.

This Subtopic gives the industry-specific consolidation guidance for brokers and dealers in securities. Its single substantive rule is a presentation exception: a broker-dealer parent within the scope of Topic 940 does not consolidate a majority-owned subsidiary in which it has a controlling financial interest (and that is not a variable interest entity) when control is likely to be temporary (810-940-45-1, cross-referencing 810-10-15-10(a)(2)).

This Subtopic tells bank holding companies how to present trust-preferred securities structures. Because the sponsoring bank holds no variable interest in the special-purpose trust, it cannot be the trust's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate it (810-942-55-2). Instead, the bank reports the subordinated debentures it issued to the trust as debt on its balance sheet, and accounts for its holding of the trust's common securities under the equity method (810-942-45-1).

This Subtopic tells an investment company (as defined in Topic 946) when consolidation applies. The general rule: an investment company does not consolidate an investee that is not itself an investment company, even if it holds a controlling financial interest; instead that interest is measured at fair value under Subtopic 946-320. The one exception is a controlling financial interest in an operating entity that provides services to the investment company (e.g., an investment adviser or transfer agent), which must be consolidated.

ASC 810-952 was the franchisor-specific consolidation guidance within the Consolidation topic, addressing when a franchisor should consolidate a franchisee entity (typically under the variable interest entity model). Every paragraph in the subtopic — the overview, scope, and implementation guidance and illustrations — was superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2009-17. As a result, the subtopic contains no operative guidance; franchisors apply the general consolidation model in ASC 810-10.

This Subtopic routes health care entities to the right consolidation model depending on whether the reporting entity is investor-owned or a not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entity. Investor-owned providers apply the VIE Subsections first, then the General Subsections and the Consolidation of Entities Controlled by Contract Subsections of 810-10; NFP health care entities are exempt from the VIE model (unless used to circumvent it) and instead apply 810-10 General/controlled-by-contract guidance for for-profit investees and Subtopic 958-810 for relationships with other NFPs. It also treats sole corporate membership in an NFP as a controlling financial interest and requires malpractice trust funds to be included in the entity's financial statements.

ASC 810-970 gives real-estate-specific consolidation guidance layered on top of ASC 810-10. It explains when an investor controls a general or limited partnership that holds real estate (majority voting interest, or majority of profit/loss interests when voting interests are unclear), when substantive participating rights of other partners overcome the presumption of control, and when a noncontrolling investor instead uses the equity method. It also sets the five conditions that permit proportionate (undivided interest) presentation of an investment in real property.

This narrow Subtopic deals with measurement issues for noncontrolling interests in certain real estate investment trusts (REITs). It contains almost no substantive guidance of its own: its scope simply mirrors Section 974-10-15, and its initial and subsequent measurement sections are essentially unused, with a single cross-reference pointing to Section 974-323-25 for how a REIT accounts for an investment in a service corporation.

This Subtopic tells a time-sharing developer-seller how to account for special-purpose entities (SPEs) it establishes in connection with selling time-sharing intervals. If the SPE structure is legally required by the jurisdiction in order to sell intervals to nonresident customers and the SPE holds no assets other than the time-sharing intervals and has no debt, the SPE is viewed as lacking economic substance and existing solely to facilitate sales; the seller then reports the unsold interests in the SPE as time-sharing inventory on its balance sheet rather than applying consolidation or equity/cost method accounting. All other SPEs are evaluated under the normal consolidation, VIE, and investment models.

This Subtopic provides the consolidation guidance unique to entities with regulated operations. Its core rule is an exception to the normal requirement that intra-entity profit be eliminated in consolidation: profit on sales to a regulated affiliate need not be eliminated if the sales price is reasonable and it is probable that the rate-making process will produce future revenue approximately equal to that sales price from the affiliate's use of the products. Reasonableness is normally presumed when the regulator accepts or does not challenge the price.

This Subtopic applies the derivatives and hedging guidance of Topic 815 to casinos and to the casino operations of other entities. Its single substantive rule is a scope-out: fixed-odds wagering contracts — bets where the odds of winning are known or knowable when placed (e.g., certain sports and race wagers) — are not accounted for as derivatives by the casino that issues them. Instead, the casino treats them as revenue transactions under Topic 606.

This subtopic addresses whether gas-balancing arrangements between working-interest partners in a gas well are derivative instruments under Topic 815. When one partner (the overtaker) takes more than its share of production, the undertaken partner has a right to make up the imbalance in kind, with gas from another well, or in cash; the terms of each arrangement must be analyzed against the definition of a derivative. Even where the arrangement is a derivative whose settlement price leaves it at a fair value of zero, the Section 815-10-50 disclosures still apply, and the option feature cannot use the normal purchases and normal sales exception.

This Subtopic applies Topic 815's derivative and hedging guidance to insurance entities, chiefly for long-duration contracts such as variable annuities. Its core rules are that a traditional variable annuity contract is not a hybrid instrument containing an embedded derivative requiring bifurcation (815-944-25-1 through 25-2), that the traditional variable annuity serves as the host contract for a nontraditional variable annuity whose other features (excluding market risk benefits) may be embedded derivatives (815-944-25-5), and that these conclusions are exceptions that may not be analogized to other structures (815-944-25-3, 25-6). It also illustrates when an insurer may apply cash flow hedge accounting to forecasted interest credited on surrenderable fixed-rate contracts.

ASC 815-980 addresses long-term power sales contracts, including those entered into by nonutility generators that sell power (often to rate-regulated utilities) under contracts with stated prices, formula-based prices, or a combination. The core rule is that if such a contract meets the definition of a derivative, it is marked to fair value through earnings unless designated in a qualifying hedging relationship; otherwise Topic 606 applies. Contracts that qualify for the normal purchases and normal sales scope exception in 815-10-15-13(b) are accounted for under this Section rather than as derivatives.

This industry Subtopic supplements ASC 820 for brokers and dealers in securities. It lists non-exhaustive factors broker-dealers have considered in determining the fair value of a financial instrument (issuer's financial standing, market liquidity, restrictions on salability, pending offerings or reorganizations, dealer pricing, recent trades, etc.) and requires specific disclosure when an instrument is carried below its quoted price.

This Subtopic sets the disclosure requirements for depository and lending institutions that hold financial instruments with off-balance-sheet credit risk — loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, loans sold with recourse, and similar instruments. For each such instrument an entity must disclose the face or contract amount, the nature and terms (including credit and market risk, cash requirements, and related accounting policy), and its collateral policies. Instruments within the scope of Topic 815 (derivatives) are excluded.

This subtopic applies the financial instruments guidance to insurance entities, covering investment contracts and disclosures about concentrations of credit risk arising from reinsurance contracts. Amounts received under investment contracts are not revenue; they are recorded as liabilities and accounted for like interest-bearing or other financial instruments, with related deferred acquisition costs reported as an asset. Ceding entities must disclose credit risk concentrations for reinsurance recoverables and prepaid reinsurance premiums, and must disclose the carrying amount of securities deposited with state regulatory authorities.

This subtopic gives industry-specific guidance on financial instruments for not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities. Its single substantive rule is a presentation rule: when such an entity elects the fair value option, the resulting unrealized gains and losses must be reported inside the performance indicator (or within discontinued operations, as appropriate) rather than outside it.

This Subtopic tells investment companies how to compute and report foreign currency transaction gains and losses on foreign-currency-denominated securities, cash, forward contracts, receivables/payables, income, and expenses. Ongoing revaluation of unsettled foreign-currency items produces unrealized foreign currency gain or loss, which is reclassified to realized gain or loss upon settlement (830-946-45-1). Critically, a fund is permitted—but not required—to separately isolate the foreign currency component of realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments, and it must disclose whichever practice it follows (830-946-45-4; 830-946-50-1).

This Subtopic tells federal government contractors when interest cost may (and may not) be capitalized. Because assets built under contracts where revenue is recognized over time are "employed in the earnings activities" of the contractor (and often involve routinely produced inventories), interest capitalization is prohibited for those long-term contracts. Only when revenue is recognized at a point in time and fulfillment costs are capitalized as an asset under Subtopic 340-40 can those costs be qualifying assets for interest capitalization, and then the investment is limited to uncollected receivables net of related non-interest-bearing liabilities.

This Subtopic tells cable television entities how much interest cost to capitalize while a cable system is under construction during the "prematurity period." Interest is capitalized under Topic 835 by applying the capitalization rate from 835-20-30-3 through 30-4 to the average qualifying assets, capped at total interest incurred for that system in the period. Because part of the system is already in service earning revenue, only the accumulated expenditures exceeding the fraction in 922-360-35-3 of total estimated system cost qualify.

This short subtopic tells film producers and distributors how to handle interest costs incurred while a film is being produced. The rule is simple: interest costs related to film production are accounted for under the general interest-capitalization guidance in Subtopic 835-20 (835-926-25-1). Its scope follows the Entertainment—Films overall scope in Section 926-10-15.

This subtopic applies the general interest capitalization rules of Subtopic 835-20 to oil- and gas-producing operations that use the full cost method. Costs already being depreciated, depleted, or amortized are treated as assets in use and do not qualify for interest capitalization, while unusually significant unproved properties and major development projects not yet being amortized and on which exploration or development is in progress do qualify. It also addresses pipeline advances made to encourage exploration, which fall within the imputation-of-interest exclusion in 835-30-15-3(b) unless the advance is in a Topic 606 contract with a customer.

This Subtopic governs when an investor-lender may recognize interest income on loans or advances made to a real estate venture (e.g., a joint venture in which the investor holds an equity interest). The core rule is that interest income must be deferred where collectibility is doubtful or other investors may not bear their share of losses; it is recognized in full only where the venture has expensed the interest (or the investor adjusts its equity pickup as if it had); otherwise a portion is deferred in proportion to the investor's interest in the venture's profits and losses (835-970-35-1).

This Subtopic governs when a real estate investment trust must stop recognizing interest revenue on loans it holds. Interest recognition must be discontinued when it is no longer reasonable to expect the revenue will be received, and certain conditions (past-due payments, default, foreclosure, borrower creditworthiness doubts, construction cost overruns/delays, renegotiation) create a rebuttable presumption that recognition should stop (835-974-35-1). Once discontinued, recognition may not resume and unrecorded interest may not be recognized until it is evident that principal and interest will be collected (835-974-35-2).

This Subtopic governs how entities with regulated operations account for the financing cost of construction — the allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC), which includes both a computed interest component and a designated cost of equity funds. When a regulator requires such capitalization, the rate-making amount (not the amount computed under Subtopic 835-20) is capitalized for financial reporting purposes, but only if subsequent inclusion in allowable costs for rate-making purposes is probable. The credit is reported in the income statement as other income, a reduction of interest expense, or both.

This subtopic previously provided lease guidance specific to real estate investment trusts (REITs) within the legacy leases topic (ASC 840). All of its content — the overview (05-1), scope (15-1), and recognition (25-1) paragraphs — was superseded by ASU 2016-02, which replaced ASC 840 with ASC 842. There is accordingly no substantive guidance remaining here.

ASC 840-978 was the intersection subtopic applying the old lease accounting model (Topic 840) to real estate time-sharing activities (Topic 978). Every paragraph in its Overview, Scope, and Recognition sections has been superseded by ASU 2016-02, the standard that replaced Topic 840 with Topic 842. As a result, the subtopic contains no remaining substantive guidance.

This subtopic formerly provided lease guidance specific to regulated operations (rate-regulated utilities) under the old lease model in ASC 840 — for example, how capital lease accounting interacted with regulator-prescribed rate-making treatment. Every paragraph in every section (05, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55) has been superseded by ASU 2016-02 (Leases (Topic 842)), so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Lessees and lessors in regulated operations now apply ASC 842, together with the regulated-operations guidance in ASC 980 (including ASC 842-10 and 980-340/980-405 concepts on regulatory assets and liabilities).

This narrow subtopic tells a real estate investment trust (REIT) how much it may capitalize when a related service corporation performs leasing services for it. The service corporation is never treated as an independent third party, no matter how the REIT accounts for its investment in it (equity method, consolidation, etc.). Capitalized amounts are capped at the initial direct costs the REIT could have capitalized under 842-10-30-9 through 30-10 had it incurred the leasing costs directly.

This Subtopic addresses how rate-regulated entities account for leases when the regulator's rate-making treatment differs from Topic 842. Lease classification for financial reporting follows Topic 842 regardless of how the regulator treats the lease, but the timing of expense (or income) recognition is modified to conform to the rate treatment, with timing differences capitalized or accrued as regulatory assets or liabilities. Sale-and-leaseback timing differences are handled either as part of a phase-in plan under Subtopic 980-340 or by conforming recognition to the Regulated Operations Topic.

This Subtopic addresses how airlines account for exchanges of take-off and landing slots. Slots received in an exchange with another airline are nonmonetary assets and must be recorded under the general nonmonetary transaction guidance in Topic 845 (845-908-25-1), with related intangible asset guidance in Subtopic 908-350. Its scope is the same as the airline industry Overall Subtopic scope in Section 908-10-15.

ASC 845-920 formerly provided nonmonetary-transaction guidance for broadcasters, principally barter transactions in which broadcasters exchanged advertising time for goods, services, or program material. Every substantive paragraph in the subtopic (Sections 05, 15, 25, and 30) was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (the revenue standard). As a result, the subtopic contains no remaining guidance, and barter/nonmonetary exchanges involving broadcasters are now analyzed under ASC 606 (with noncash consideration measured at fair value) and the general nonmonetary guidance in ASC 845-10.

ASC 845-926 was the industry-specific guidance applying nonmonetary-exchange principles to film entities (e.g., barter or exchange transactions involving film licensing rights). Every remaining paragraph in the subtopic — the overview (845-926-05-1), scope (845-926-15-1), and recognition (845-926-25-1) guidance — was superseded by ASU 2014-09, the revenue recognition standard. As a result, the subtopic contains no operative guidance; exchanges of film rights for consideration other than cash are now analyzed under ASC 606 (and related film cost guidance in ASC 926).

ASC 845-985 formerly provided industry guidance on nonmonetary (barter) exchanges involving software, principally software revenue recognition in exchanges of software products or licenses. Every paragraph in this subtopic — scope, recognition, and implementation guidance — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The subtopic therefore contains no operative guidance; nonmonetary consideration in software arrangements is now addressed under ASC 606 (noncash consideration) and general nonmonetary guidance in ASC 845-10.

This Subtopic applies the general related party disclosure requirements of Topic 850 to common interest realty associations (CIRAs), such as condominium and homeowners' associations. Its core point is that when board members, officers, or developers provide services to the association — for example insurance, maintenance, or management services — those transactions may require related party disclosure under Topic 850. Its scope follows that of Subtopic 972-10 (see 850-972-15-1).

ASC 853-10 governs how an operating entity accounts for a service concession arrangement — a contract in which a public-sector grantor engages the operating entity to operate (and possibly construct, upgrade, or maintain) the grantor's infrastructure, such as airports, roads, bridges, prisons, or hospitals. The arrangement is in scope only if the grantor controls or can modify/approve the services, the recipients, and the price, and controls any residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term (853-10-15-3). In scope, the grantor is always deemed the customer of the operation services under Topic 606, the infrastructure is not recognized as the operating entity's PP&E, and the arrangement is not a lease under Topic 842 (853-10-25-1 through 25-2).

ASC 855-926 was the film-industry-specific subsection of the subsequent events guidance, which previously required film entities to consider post-balance-sheet information (such as actual results after the reporting date) in estimating ultimate revenue and testing film costs for impairment. Every substantive paragraph (855-926-05-1, 15-1, and 35-1) was superseded by ASU 2012-07, so the subtopic now contains no operative guidance. Film cost impairment and ultimate revenue estimation are addressed instead in ASC 926-20, and general subsequent events guidance remains in ASC 855-10.

ASC 905-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Agriculture Topic, setting out the background and scope for industry-specific accounting by agricultural producers, agricultural cooperatives, and patrons of those cooperatives. The Topic's guidance is organized into three Subsections—General, Cooperatives, and Cooperatives—Patrons—and provides only incremental industry guidance, so entities must also apply all other applicable GAAP (905-10-15-1). It covers inventories of agricultural producers and development costs of land, trees and vines, intermediate-life plants, and animals (905-10-15-5), but excludes timber growers, tropical pineapple and sugarcane growers, raisers of animals for competitive sports, and merchants/noncooperative processors (905-10-15-4).

ASC 908-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Airlines industry Topic; it lists the industry Subtopics (segment reporting, inventory, takeoff and landing slots, PP&E, compensation, other expenses, nonmonetary transactions) and describes the operating and accounting characteristics that make airlines distinctive. Its only substantive rule is scope: Topic 908 supplies incremental industry-specific guidance for airline entities, which must still comply with all other applicable GAAP (908-10-15-1). Background paragraphs highlight the complex revenue cycle (advance ticket sales, third-party sellers, refundable/exchangeable tickets), mobile flight equipment, maintenance programs, and flight-crew compensation.

ASC 910-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Contractors—Construction Topic, providing incremental industry-specific guidance for entities that perform construction-type contracts (work built or improved on tangible property to a customer's specifications, usually at the customer's job site under a unique, bid or negotiated contract). Most of its former revenue guidance was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so revenue recognition now follows Topic 606; what remains addresses small-tool depreciation, classification of retainages, proportionate gross presentation for construction joint ventures, and industry disclosures. Entities in scope must also comply with all other applicable GAAP not addressed here (910-10-15-1).

ASC 910-20 governs how construction contractors account for contract costs, focusing on charging equipment and small tool costs to specific contracts. Equipment cost is allocated to contracts on a reasonable basis (time, hours of use, or mileage) using a "use rate" that considers equipment cost less salvage/rental, probable life, average idle time, and operating costs. It also requires disclosure of unapproved change orders and claims included in contract costs and of progress payments netted against contract costs.

ASC 912-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Contractors—Federal Government Topic, which layers incremental industry guidance on top of otherwise applicable GAAP for entities doing business with the U.S. federal government. It explains that the federal customer is a sovereign that procures under statutes and regulations governing contractor selection, monitoring, and payment, creating risks not present in commercial dealings. Its scope covers all entities with federal government contracts, specifically cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts and fixed-price war and defense supply contracts terminated for the convenience of the government.

ASC 912-20 governs how contractors with the federal government account for contract costs, including the requirement to follow Federal Acquisition Regulation cost principles when costs are analyzed in the procurement process. It addresses allocation of indirect costs, recording of subcontractor/vendor claims, accounting for terminations (convenience versus default), and restricts the use of program accounting. Losses from default terminations are treated as changes in accounting estimate in the current period, not as prior-period adjustments.

ASC 915-10 formerly set out the "Overall" guidance for development stage entities — entities devoting substantially all efforts to establishing a new business that had no principal operations or no significant revenue. All of its substantive content (scope, background, and the transition paragraph) was superseded by ASU 2014-10, which eliminated the incremental reporting requirements for development stage entities; the transition guidance in 915-10-65-1 was itself superseded on 06/23/2016 after the transition period ended. The subtopic is now an empty shell with no operative U.S. GAAP requirements.

ASC 920-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Entertainment—Broadcasters Topic, which sets out industry-specific financial accounting and reporting standards for broadcasters. It is incremental guidance only: broadcasters must also apply all other applicable GAAP (920-10-15-1). The Topic covers all entities considered broadcasters and all their transactions, including network affiliation agreements, but excludes broadcasters that own the film (program material) they show, which instead follow ASC 926 (920-10-15-2, 15-3).

ASC 922-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Entertainment—Cable Television Topic, which addresses accounting and reporting for costs and expenses of constructing and operating a cable television system (922-10-05-1). It applies to all entities in the cable television industry and provides only incremental industry-specific guidance, so those entities must also follow all other applicable GAAP (922-10-15-1 through 15-2). The Topic is organized into Subtopics covering intangibles/goodwill, property, plant, and equipment, other expenses, and interest.

ASC 924-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Entertainment—Casinos Topic, which collects the accounting and reporting standards unique to the gaming industry. It provides incremental, industry-specific guidance on gaming chips, promotional allowances, base jackpots, slot machines, income taxes, and geographic segment disclosure. Casinos must still apply all other generally applicable GAAP; this Topic only supplements it.

ASC 926-10 is the overall/scope subtopic for Entertainment—Films. It establishes that Topic 926 provides only incremental, industry-specific guidance on film costs, participation costs, and manufacturing costs for producers and distributors that own or hold rights to distribute or exploit films in any market or territory. Entities in scope must still apply all other applicable GAAP not contained in Topic 926.

ASC 926-20 governs how film production and distribution entities capitalize, amortize, impair, and disclose film costs, which must be reported as a separate asset on the balance sheet (926-20-25-1). Films predominantly monetized on their own are amortized by the individual-film-forecast-computation method — current-period revenue over remaining unrecognized ultimate revenue as of the beginning of the fiscal year (926-20-35-1) — while films in a film group are expensed based on a reasonably reliable estimate of the film's use (926-20-35-2). Unamortized film costs are written down to fair value when triggering events indicate impairment, and such write-downs may never be restored (926-20-35-13).

ASC 928-10 is the overview and scope subtopic for accounting by entities in the record and music industry. It flags the topics covered elsewhere in ASC 928 — licensing of music copyrights and record masters, artist compensation costs (including royalties paid to recording artists), costs of producing record masters, and licensees' accounting for fees and minimum guarantees. The guidance is incremental industry-specific guidance only; entities in scope must still follow all other applicable GAAP.

ASC 930-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Extractive Activities—Mining Topic; it identifies which entities fall within the Topic's scope and supplies definitions of mining industry terms. The Topic contains six subtopics (Overall, Inventory, Property Plant and Equipment, Compensation—Retirement Benefits, Business Combinations, and Consolidation) and provides only incremental industry-specific guidance, so mining entities must also apply all other applicable GAAP. It applies to all mining entities except oil- and gas-producing entities, which follow Topic 932.

ASC 932-10 is the Overall subtopic of the oil and gas extractive activities Topic; it identifies which entities and activities fall within the industry guidance and supplies common industry definitions. It applies to all entities with oil- and gas-producing activities — the search for, acquisition of rights to, and construction/drilling/production activities needed to bring crude oil, natural gas, and synthetic-oil-source hydrocarbons to the surface (932-10-15-2A). The industry-specific Subtopics override the more general Codification Topics for the issues they address (932-10-05-3), and the Topic does not prohibit use of the full-cost method (932-10-15-4).

ASC 940-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Financial Services—Brokers and Dealers Topic, which lists the Topic's constituent subtopics (Broker-Dealer Activities, Receivables, Investments, Other Assets and Deferred Costs, Liabilities, Consolidation, and Fair Value Measurements) and sets its scope. The Topic applies to all entities that are brokers and dealers in securities and supplies only incremental industry-specific guidance; broker-dealers must still follow all other applicable GAAP outside the Topic.

ASC 940-20 governs specific broker-dealer activities, organized into General (commissions, soft-dollar arrangements, mutual fund distribution fees, agency transactions, financial presentation), Clearing (fails, due bills, suspense accounts, trading errors), and Underwriting Subsections. Its core rules are that agency transactions stay off the broker-dealer's statement of financial condition unless they fail to settle on the contracted settlement date, commission income is recognized under Topic 606 while related expenses accrue on trade date, and fails-to-deliver/fails-to-receive are recorded at selling/purchase price including accrued interest.

ASC 942-10 is the Overall subtopic that sets the scope and organization of the Financial Services—Depository and Lending Topic. It identifies the Subtopics (balance sheet, income statement, receivables, investments, income taxes, business combinations, consolidation, etc.) that supply incremental, industry-specific guidance for depository and lending institutions, and lists the entities covered — banks, credit unions, finance and mortgage companies, savings institutions, bank and S&L holding companies, and U.S.-regulated branches/agencies of foreign banks. Entities in scope must still follow all otherwise applicable GAAP; Topic 942 only adds industry overlays.

ASC 944-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Financial Services—Insurance Topic; it serves as the roadmap and scope gate for all insurance-specific accounting guidance. It lists the Topic's Subtopics (acquisition costs, claim costs and liabilities for future policy benefits, policyholder dividends, premium deficiency, separate accounts, and the statement/disclosure subtopics) and identifies the four contract-type Subsections used throughout: short-duration, long-duration, reinsurance, and financial guarantee insurance contracts. The guidance is incremental industry-specific guidance—entities in scope must still apply all other applicable GAAP.

ASC 944-20 sets the framework for insurance accounting based on the nature of the contract rather than the type of entity: contracts are classified at inception as short-duration (fixed short coverage period, insurer can cancel or reprice each period, 944-20-15-7) or long-duration (not subject to unilateral change, services rendered over an extended period, 944-20-15-10), with sub-models for traditional, universal life-type, participating, and financial guarantee contracts. It also defines when a contract with a reinsurer actually transfers insurance risk (significant insurance risk plus reasonable possibility of significant loss, 944-20-15-41) and prescribes recognition and with-and-without measurement for multiple-year retrospectively rated contracts. Contracts lacking indemnification or significant insurance risk are accounted for under the deposit method (340-30) or as investment contracts.

ASC 944-30 governs how insurance entities capitalize, amortize, present, and disclose acquisition costs (DAC) for short-duration contracts, long-duration contracts, investment contracts, and reinsurance, plus deferred sales inducements. Only costs "related directly to the successful acquisition" of new or renewal contracts may be capitalized (944-30-25-1A) — incremental direct costs, directly related compensation/fringe benefits for underwriting, policy issuance and processing, medical and inspection, and sales force contract selling, plus certain other direct costs and qualifying direct-response advertising. Post-ASU 2018-12, long-duration DAC is amortized on a constant level basis over the expected contract term (944-30-35-3A), and the Internal Replacement Transactions Subsections determine whether a modified/replaced contract is "substantially unchanged" (continuation, DAC carried forward) or "substantially changed" (extinguishment, DAC written off).

ASC 944-40 governs how insurance entities recognize and measure claim costs and liabilities for future policy benefits, with separate subsections for short-duration contracts, long-duration contracts, reinsurance contracts, and financial guarantee insurance contracts. Its core rules are that liabilities for unpaid claims (including IBNR) and claim adjustment expenses are accrued when insured events occur, and that a liability for future policy benefits—the present value of future benefits and related expenses less the present value of future net premiums—is accrued when premium revenue is recognized. Post-ASU 2018-12, cash flow assumptions are updated at least annually with remeasurement gains/losses in net income, the discount rate is an upper-medium grade (low-credit-risk) fixed-income yield updated each reporting date through OCI, and market risk benefits are measured at fair value.

ASC 944-50 governs how insurance entities account for and report policyholder dividends on participating insurance contracts. For participating contracts other than the long-duration participating life contracts described in 944-20-15-3, dividends are accrued (measured at an estimate of the amount to be paid, or recognized over the premium-paying period using anticipated/illustrated dividend scales), and any policyholders' share of net income that cannot be distributed to stockholders is charged to operations and credited to a participating policyholders' funds liability. For long-duration participating life contracts meeting 944-20-15-3, annual policyholder dividends are expensed based on amounts incurred for policies in force and reported separately in the statement of earnings.

ASC 944-60 tells insurance entities when and how to recognize a premium deficiency (loss recognition) on insurance contracts, with separate guidance for short-duration and long-duration contracts. For short-duration contracts, a deficiency exists when expected claim costs and claim adjustment expenses, expected policyholder dividends, unamortized acquisition costs, and maintenance costs exceed related unearned premiums; it is recognized first by writing off unamortized acquisition costs and then by accruing a liability for any excess (944-60-25-4 through 25-6). For long-duration contracts, if actual experience shows existing contract liabilities plus the present value of future gross premiums will not cover future benefits and settlement costs and recover unamortized present value of future profits, the deficiency is charged to income by reducing the present value of future profits or increasing the liability for future policy benefits (944-60-25-7 through 25-8).

ASC 944-80 governs how an insurance entity accounts for and presents separate accounts — pools of assets and liabilities maintained to fund variable annuity, variable life, pension and similar contracts where the contract holder generally bears the investment risk. If a separate account arrangement meets the four criteria in 944-80-25-2 (legal recognition, legal insulation from general account liabilities, contract-holder-directed investment, and full pass-through of investment performance), the contract holder portion is measured at fair value and reported as a single summary total asset with an equivalent summary total liability, with investment performance and amounts credited offset to zero. If any criterion fails (e.g., guaranteed interest or market value adjusted "spread" products), the assets and liabilities are accounted for and presented as ordinary general account items.

ASC 946-10 sets the scope of the Financial Services—Investment Companies Topic by defining which entities qualify as investment companies and therefore apply the Topic's specialized (fair value) accounting and reporting. Any entity regulated under the Investment Company Act of 1940 is automatically an investment company (946-10-15-4); all others must possess the two fundamental characteristics in 946-10-15-6 and are assessed against five typical characteristics in 946-10-15-7, applying judgment when a typical characteristic is absent. Status is determined at formation and reassessed only upon a change in purpose and design (or loss of 1940 Act regulation), with prescribed prospective or cumulative-effect accounting and disclosure for a change in status.

ASC 946-20 governs specific "investment company activities" — payments by affiliates to reimburse fund losses or cure investment-restriction violations, Rule 12b-1 distribution plans, expense limitation/waiver arrangements, offering costs, shareholder and distribution transactions, and related presentation and disclosure. Its core rules: affiliate payments and gains/losses on non-conforming investments are combined in one line within net realized/unrealized gains (losses) and quantified in the financial highlights (946-20-45-1; 946-20-50-2); a fund with an enhanced 12b-1 plan (or a board-contingent plan once the board commits) accrues a liability and expense for the distributor's excess distribution costs (946-20-25-3), while an excess of fees collected over distributor costs may never be booked as an asset (946-20-45-2). Offering costs are charged to paid-in capital for closed-end funds, partnerships and unit investment trusts, but deferred and amortized straight-line over 12 months for open-end funds and continuously offered closed-end funds (946-20-25-5 through 25-6; 35-5; 35-6).

ASC 948-10 is the Overall subtopic for mortgage banking, providing background on the two core mortgage banking activities—originating/purchasing loans for sale to permanent investors and subsequently servicing those loans—and defining the Topic's scope. Its only substantive requirements are disclosures about minimum net worth (capital) requirements imposed by secondary market investors and state regulators, including whether the entity complies and the effects of noncompliance. The Topic supplies only incremental industry guidance; entities must also apply all other applicable GAAP.

ASC 952-10 provides incremental, industry-specific accounting and reporting guidance for franchisors — the parties that grant business rights (the franchise) to franchisees. After ASU 2014-09 removed the old franchise revenue recognition rules (now handled under ASC 606 and 340-40), what remains is chiefly guidance on franchising costs, presentation of franchisor-owned versus franchised outlet costs, and outlet/commitment disclosures. Franchisors must also apply all other applicable GAAP not contained in this Topic.

ASC 954-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Health Care Entities Topic; it lists the industry Subtopics and defines which entities the Topic covers. The Topic supplies only incremental industry-specific guidance for investor-owned health care entities and not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities, which must otherwise follow all other applicable GAAP (including Topic 958 for NFPs).

ASC 958-10 sets the scope of the Not-for-Profit Entities Topic and its relationship to the rest of the Codification. It applies to nongovernmental entities meeting the definition of an NFP and provides only incremental industry-specific guidance—NFPs must otherwise follow all other Topics unless a Scope Section exempts them or the subject matter is inapplicable (e.g., payment of dividends). It also lists the Subtopics comprising Topic 958 and directs NFPs to apply other guidance in an analogous manner suited to their reporting model.

ASC 960-10 is the Overall subtopic of the defined benefit pension plan accounting Topic, setting the scope of and providing an overview of financial reporting by the plan itself (not the sponsoring employer, which follows Topic 715). Defined benefit plans promise participants determinable benefits based on factors such as age, years of service, and compensation, and because the plan's net assets are the means of paying those benefits, net asset information is necessary to assess the plan's ability to pay benefits when due. The Topic applies to all ongoing plans (funded or unfunded, ERISA and non-ERISA, U.S. and comparable foreign plans reporting under U.S. GAAP) but does not itself require any plan to prepare or distribute financial statements.

ASC 960-30 governs how a defined benefit pension plan reports its net assets available for benefits and the changes in those net assets. Information must be prepared on the accrual basis and presented in enough detail to identify the plan's resources available for benefits and the significant changes during the year (960-30-25-1; 960-30-45-1). It also prescribes the minimum line items in the statement of changes and the special single-line presentation of assets held in a Section 401(h) account, which may not be counted as available for pension benefits.

ASC 960-40 covers defined benefit pension plans that are terminating. Once liquidation of the plan is deemed imminent (as defined in 205-30-25-2), the plan's financial statements for periods ending after that determination — including the year-end statements even if the trigger occurred mid-year — must be prepared on the liquidation basis of accounting under Subtopic 205-30. Accumulated plan benefits are measured on that liquidation basis, with all benefits generally reported as vested, and the terminating-plan or wasting-trust circumstances must be disclosed in all subsequent plan financial statements.

ASC 962-10 is the Overall subtopic for financial reporting **by** a defined contribution pension plan itself (not by the sponsoring employer, which follows Topic 715). Its objective is to provide information useful in assessing the plan's present and future ability to pay benefits when due; because plan net assets available for benefits equal the sum of participants' individual account balances, those net assets are measured and reported at values meaningful to users—principally the amount a participant could currently withdraw, borrow, or transfer. It applies to all employee benefit plans providing benefits based on amounts contributed to an employee's individual account, and not to defined benefit plans (Topic 960) or health and welfare plans (Topic 965).

ASC 962-40 governs the accounting and reporting by defined contribution pension plans that are terminating. Its core rule is that once liquidation of the plan is deemed imminent under ASC 205-30, the plan must prepare its financial statements—including year-end statements for a plan year in which imminence arose before year end—on the liquidation basis of accounting. The plan must also disclose the relevant circumstances in all subsequent financial statements once a termination decision is made or a wasting trust exists.

ASC 965-10 is the Overall subtopic of the health and welfare benefit plan accounting Topic; it defines the scope and gives an overview of how such plans report. It applies to all entities that are defined benefit or defined contribution health and welfare benefit plans, describes how benefits may be delivered (insured contracts versus a self-funded trust such as a VEBA/501(c)(9) trust or 401(h) account), and flags that the insurance arrangement drives how assets and benefit obligations are accounted for. It also notes the ERISA reporting backdrop, including that many plans must file GAAP financial statements.

ASC 965-20 governs the "net assets available for benefits" component of health and welfare benefit plan financial statements. It requires the plan to accrue non-benefit liabilities (e.g., securities purchased, income taxes payable, third-party administrator fees), record noncash contributions at fair value less costs to sell if significant, and present a statement of net assets available for benefits showing total assets, total liabilities, and net assets available for benefits. The companion statement of changes must show, in sufficient detail, the significant changes for the year, including contributions by source, net appreciation/depreciation in fair value, investment income, claims payments, premiums, and administrative expenses.

ASC 965-30 governs how a health and welfare benefit plan measures and reports its own benefit obligations (as distinct from the sponsoring employer's obligations). Benefit obligations, measured at actuarial present value as of the plan's year end, comprise three classifications: (1) claims payable, claims incurred but not reported (IBNR), and premiums due to insurance entities; (2) accumulated eligibility credits and postemployment benefits; and (3) postretirement benefits split among retirees, participants fully eligible, and participants not yet fully eligible (965-30-35-1). Plans must also present the significant factors causing year-to-year changes in each classification.

ASC 965-40 governs accounting and reporting by health and welfare benefit plans that are terminating. Once liquidation of the plan is deemed imminent under paragraph 205-30-25-2, the plan must prepare its financial statements using the liquidation basis of accounting under Subtopic 205-30, including for the year-end statements if imminence is determined before the plan year ends. Benefit obligations are measured on the liquidation basis rather than as actuarial present values, and the termination or wasting-trust circumstances must be disclosed in all subsequent plan financial statements.

ASC 970-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Real Estate—General Topic; it maps the industry's guidance (statement of cash flows, equity method/joint ventures, other assets and deferred costs, PP&E, debt, other expenses, consolidation, interest) and sets the pervasive scope. The Topic supplies only incremental industry-specific guidance and applies to all entities with productive activities relating to real property, excluding property used primarily in the entity's non-real estate operations (970-10-15-3). Its guidance runs in three Subsections: General (real estate ventures, partnerships, joint ventures, tax increment financing entities), Real Estate Syndication (income recognition from syndication activities), and Real Estate Project Costs (acquisition, development, construction, selling and rental costs).

ASC 972-10 is the Overall subtopic that sets the scope and background for accounting by common interest realty associations (CIRAs) — associations of owners such as homeowners associations, condominium associations, time-share associations, planned-unit developments, and cooperative housing corporations. It provides only incremental, industry-specific guidance; CIRAs must also follow all other applicable GAAP. Topic 972 is one of several real estate topics, each addressing a different real estate subindustry.

ASC 974-10 is the Overall subtopic for Real Estate—Real Estate Investment Trusts, describing the structure and scope of the REIT Topic and pointing to its subtopics (equity method/joint ventures, other expenses, consolidation, interest, and leases). It provides only incremental industry-specific guidance: REITs must also follow all otherwise applicable GAAP. It applies to all REITs, whether or not they have elected the federal tax treatment that avoids corporate income tax by distributing at least 90 percent of taxable income to shareholders.

ASC 976-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Real Estate—Retail Land Topic, which provides incremental industry-specific guidance for retail land sales — high-volume sales of lots subdivided from large tracts of land, characterized by very small down payments and a sales contract or buyer's note for the balance. It defines the scope of the Topic (entities selling such lots on a volume basis where the note could not be sold to a bank without substantial discount and the seller cannot enforce against the buyer's general credit) and lists the transactions excluded from that scope. Entities in scope must also apply all other applicable GAAP not contained in this Topic.

ASC 978-10 is the Overall subtopic for real estate time-sharing activities, describing the scope of the industry guidance and the transaction structures it covers. It applies to all entities that sell real estate time-share interests — fee simple sales, sales where title remains with or reverts to the seller, and reseller transactions — but not to time-sharing in other long-lived assets like cruise ships or corporate jets. It also supplies the tests for determining what constitutes real estate (including integral equipment) and requires that each phase of a time-share project be delineated at the outset and accounted for separately.

ASC 980-10 sets the overall scope and framework for accounting by entities with rate-regulated operations. Because regulators sometimes allow costs into rates in a period different from when an unregulated entity would expense them, the rate-making process can create assets (regulatory assets), reduce assets, or create liabilities; an incurred cost the regulator permits to be recovered in a future period is accounted for like a cost reimbursable under a cost-reimbursement-type contract (980-10-05-5, 05-6). The Topic applies only to operations meeting the three criteria in 980-10-15-2 and provides incremental industry guidance that overrides conflicting guidance elsewhere in the Codification.

ASC 980-20 governs what happens when an entity's operations (or a separable portion of them) stop meeting the criteria in 980-10-15-2 for rate-regulated accounting — because of deregulation, a shift away from cost-based rate-making, or competition/rate resistance. On discontinuation, the entity eliminates from its balance sheet all regulatory assets and liabilities that entities in general could not recognize, but does not adjust the carrying amounts of plant, equipment, and inventory unless impaired under Subtopic 360-10. The net adjustment goes to income of the period of discontinuation, classified separately within income from continuing operations as an unusual or infrequently occurring item.

ASC 985-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Software Topic, which sets the scope umbrella for the industry-specific software guidance (costs of software to be sold, leased, or marketed; inventory; intangibles—goodwill and other; provision for losses; cost of sales and services; and research and development). The Topic provides only incremental industry-specific guidance—entities within its scope must also apply all other applicable GAAP (985-10-15-1). It applies to all entities and to computer software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed as a separate product or as part of a product or process (985-10-15-2 through 15-3).