Presentation

ASC 205-10 sets the pervasive scope for the Presentation of Financial Statements Topic (applying to both business entities and NFPs) and governs comparative financial statements. It explains that presenting statements for a series of periods is more meaningful than a single period, lists the elements of a full set of financial statements, and requires that prior-period figures actually be comparable, with any change in presentation basis or reclassification explained.

ASC 205-20 governs when a disposal must be reported as a discontinued operation and how it is presented and disclosed. A disposal of a component (or group of components) qualifies only if it represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on the entity's operations and financial results, triggered when the component is classified as held for sale, disposed of by sale, or disposed of other than by sale (e.g., abandonment or spinoff) (205-20-45-1B). Results of discontinued operations, net of tax, are presented as a separate component of income for current and prior periods, held-for-sale assets and liabilities are presented separately (not offset) on the balance sheet, and extensive note disclosures are required.

ASC 205-30 tells an entity when it must abandon going-concern accounting and switch to the liquidation basis, how to measure assets and liabilities under that basis, and what to disclose. The trigger is that liquidation is "imminent" (205-30-25-1 and 25-2), unless the liquidation follows a plan specified in the entity's governing documents at inception. Under the liquidation basis, assets are measured at the estimated cash or other consideration expected to be collected, previously unrecognized items such as trademarks are recognized, expected disposal costs and income/expenses through the end of liquidation are accrued (undiscounted), and the entity presents a statement of net assets in liquidation and a statement of changes in net assets in liquidation.

ASC 205-40 requires management of every entity, in connection with preparing annual and interim financial statements, to evaluate whether conditions and events considered in the aggregate raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued (or are available to be issued). Substantial doubt exists when it is probable the entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due in that lookforward period, assessed initially without regard to unimplemented management plans. Depending on whether management's plans alleviate that doubt, prescribed note disclosures — including an express "substantial doubt" statement when doubt is not alleviated — are required.

ASC 205-905 addresses presentation of financial statements for entities in the agricultural industry, with separate Cooperatives Subsections for agricultural cooperatives. Its scope mirrors that of ASC 905-10-15 (General and Cooperatives Subsections). Its only substantive presentation rule permits agricultural cooperatives to label earnings using alternative terms such as margins, net proceeds, or savings (205-905-45-1).

ASC 205-915 formerly contained the presentation requirements for development stage entities (inception-to-date cumulative amounts in the income statement, cash flow statement, and equity statement, plus identification of the entity as development stage). Every paragraph in Sections 05, 15, and 45 was superseded by ASU 2014-10, so the subtopic now imposes no requirements. Entities that would once have been development stage entities simply follow the ordinary presentation guidance in ASC 205 and elsewhere in GAAP.

This subtopic governs how investment companies present the statement of changes in net assets and financial highlights. The statement of changes in net assets must separately show operations (net investment income, realized gains/losses, change in unrealized appreciation), net equalization credits/debits, distributions to shareholders (with tax return of capital separate), and capital share transactions. Financial highlights—per-share data, expense and net investment income ratios, total return (or since-inception IRR for certain limited-life funds), and capital commitment data—must be presented as a separate schedule or in the notes for each class of common shares.

ASC 205-954 sets the basic financial statement presentation requirements for health care entities, both not-for-profit business-oriented and investor-owned. It requires a complete set of statements — balance sheet, statement of operations, statement of changes in equity (or net assets), statement of cash flows, and notes (205-954-45-1) — and permits descriptive alternative titles except that the cash flow statement should be titled "Statement of Cash Flows" (205-954-45-2). Presentation is essentially the same for both ownership forms except for items that are inapplicable, such as shareholders' equity for NFPs and contributions for investor-owned entities (205-954-05-1).

ASC 958-205 governs the presentation of a not-for-profit entity's general-purpose financial statements. A complete set consists of a statement of financial position, a statement of activities, a statement of cash flows, and notes (958-205-45-4), with net assets classified in two minimum classes—net assets with donor restrictions and net assets without donor restrictions (958-205-45-2(b)). It also prescribes when donor restrictions expire, how endowment funds (including those under UPMIFA) are classified, and the required endowment and underwater endowment disclosures.

This Subtopic governs the form and content of the annual financial statements of a defined benefit pension plan. The overriding objective is to provide information useful in assessing the plan's present and future ability to pay benefits when due, with content focused on plan participants' needs (960-205-10-1 through 10-2). Annual statements must present net assets available for benefits, changes in those net assets, the actuarial present value of accumulated plan benefits, and the significant factors causing the year-to-year change in that actuarial present value (960-205-45-1).

This subtopic governs how a defined contribution pension plan presents its GAAP financial statements. On the accrual basis, the plan must present a statement of net assets available for benefits at plan year-end and a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits for the year, showing total assets, total liabilities, and net assets available for benefits, plus specified minimum categories of changes (net appreciation/depreciation in fair value, investment income, employer/participant/other contributions, benefits paid, insurance contract purchases, and administrative expenses). It also lists required note disclosures about the plan agreement, amendments, contribution basis, tax status, forfeitures, and similar matters.

ASC 965-205 (indexed here as 205-965) prescribes the financial statement presentation for health and welfare benefit plans. Defined benefit plans must present, on the accrual basis, a statement of net assets available for benefits, a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits, information about the plan's benefit obligations, and the significant factors causing year-to-year changes in those obligations; defined contribution plans present only the two net-asset statements because the obligation is limited to participants' account balances. It also governs how retiree health benefits funded through a 401(h) account in the sponsor's defined benefit pension plan are reported in the health and welfare plan's financial statements, plus an extensive list of required note disclosures.

This Subtopic governs how common interest realty associations (CIRAs)—condominium and homeowners associations and cooperatives—present their financial statements, emphasizing fund reporting that segregates the operating fund from the fund for future major repairs and replacements. A full GAAP presentation requires a balance sheet, statement of revenues and expenses, statement of changes in fund balances (or members' equity under nonfund reporting), statement of cash flows, and notes; cooperatives instead present a statement of operations and statement of changes in shareholders' equity.

ASC 210-10 provides the general guidance for classifying assets and liabilities as current or noncurrent on a classified balance sheet (statement of financial position), permitting ready determination of working capital. Current assets are cash and other resources expected to be realized in cash or consumed within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer; current liabilities are obligations whose liquidation is expected to require use of current assets within that same period. The guidance applies to all entities, but only when an entity chooses to present a classified balance sheet (210-10-15-3).

ASC 210-20 states the general principle that offsetting assets and liabilities on the balance sheet is improper unless a right of setoff exists, and sets the four conditions for a right of setoff (210-20-45-1): two parties owe each other determinable amounts, the reporting party has the right to set off, intends to set off, and the right is enforceable at law (including in bankruptcy). It also provides a narrow exception permitting (but not requiring) offsetting of payables and receivables under same-counterparty, same-settlement-date repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements accounted for as collateralized borrowings that meet all conditions in 210-20-45-11, and it imposes extensive netting disclosures for derivatives, repos/reverse repos, and securities borrowing/lending subject to enforceable master netting arrangements.

ASC 210-912 formerly provided balance sheet classification and disclosure guidance for contractors with the federal government (e.g., presentation of receivables, unbilled amounts, and advances/progress payments on government contracts). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 45, and 50 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). The subtopic is now an empty shell with no operative guidance; contract asset and contract liability presentation for government contractors is governed by ASC 606 (and ASC 340-40 for related costs).

ASC 210-915 formerly provided balance sheet presentation guidance for development stage entities (entities devoting substantially all efforts to establishing a new business). Every paragraph in the subtopic — the overview (210-915-05-1), scope (210-915-15-1), and other presentation guidance (210-915-45-1) — was superseded by ASU 2014-10. As a result, there is no remaining incremental balance sheet presentation requirement for development stage entities; such entities follow the same guidance in ASC 210 as any other entity.

ASC 210-940 addresses how brokers and dealers offset and combine amounts presented in the balance sheet. It contains no independent offsetting rules; it simply directs preparers to the general offsetting guidance in Section 210-20-45 and adopts the scope of the Financial Services—Brokers and Dealers Overall Subtopic (940-10-15).

This Subtopic governs how depository and lending institutions offset and combine amounts on the balance sheet. Its core rules: unearned premiums and unpaid claims on credit life and credit accident and health insurance issued to finance customers are deducted from finance receivables in consolidation (or the net amount presented with adequate note disclosure), while unpaid claims on property and level term life insurance—and credit coverage on receivables owned by unrelated entities—must be presented as liabilities. Reciprocal balances with another financial institution are offset only if they will be offset in the process of collection or payment, and restrictions on cash balances must be disclosed.

This Subtopic addresses balance sheet presentation for insurance entities, focusing on when reinsurance-related balances may be offset. The core rule is that amounts payable to a policyholder and amounts recoverable from a reinsurer cannot be offset because the right of setoff under 210-20-45-1(b) requires amounts owed to and receivable from the *same* party. By contrast, balances arising between the ceding and assuming entities under a reinsurance contract may qualify for offsetting if the Subtopic 210-20 conditions are met.

This subtopic governs how an investment company presents its financial position — either a statement of assets and liabilities or a statement of net assets — and the schedule (or condensed schedule) of investments that accompanies it. It sets bright-line disclosure thresholds (1 percent of net assets for registered/other investment companies; 5 percent for nonregistered investment partnerships), special presentation rules for multiple-class, master-feeder, and fund-of-funds structures, and requires contract-value reporting for fully benefit-responsive investment contracts held by qualified defined contribution plan trusts.

This subtopic governs how health care entities, including not-for-profit business-oriented health care entities, present their balance sheets. The general rule is a classified (current/noncurrent) balance sheet under Section 210-10-45, except that a continuing care retirement community may instead sequence assets by nearness of conversion to cash and liabilities by nearness of maturity. It also specifies that contractually limited (non-donor) assets stay in net assets without donor restrictions, that interfund balances are eliminated, and that restricted or segregated cash is excluded from current assets.

This subtopic governs the not-for-profit statement of financial position (the NFP equivalent of a balance sheet). At a minimum the statement must report totals for assets, liabilities, net assets, net assets with donor restrictions, and net assets without donor restrictions, focusing on the entity as a whole (958-210-45-1). It also requires liquidity-related presentation and disclosure, including qualitative information about how the NFP manages liquid resources and quantitative information about financial assets available for general expenditures within one year (958-210-50-1A).

ASC 215-10 is a placeholder ("link") subtopic for the statement of shareholder equity. It contains no substantive recognition or measurement rules; its only content directs users to Topic 505 for disclosure guidance on the items that make up shareholders' equity.

ASC 215-915 formerly prescribed how a development stage entity presented its statement of shareholder equity — notably cumulative, inception-to-date detail of each equity issuance (dates, shares, dollar amounts, nature of consideration). Every paragraph in this subtopic (215-915-05-1, 15-1, and 45-1 through 45-3) was superseded by ASU 2014-10, which eliminated the development stage entity reporting concept from U.S. GAAP. There are consequently no remaining requirements under this subtopic; a development stage entity now follows the same equity presentation guidance as any other reporting entity.

ASC 220-10 governs how an entity presents comprehensive income — net income plus other comprehensive income (OCI) — in a full set of general-purpose financial statements. Comprehensive income must be reported either in a single continuous statement or in two separate but consecutive statements (net income first, then OCI beginning with net income), with totals for net income, OCI, and comprehensive income (220-10-45-1 through 45-1B). The Subtopic addresses only presentation and disclosure; it does not specify when to recognize or how to measure the items making up comprehensive income (220-10-25-1; 220-10-30-1).

ASC 220-20 governs how an entity presents and discloses material events or transactions that are unusual in nature, infrequent in occurrence, or both. Such items must be reported as a separate component of income from continuing operations, with their nature and financial effects either shown on the face of the income statement or disclosed in the notes (220-20-45-1; 220-20-50-1). They may not be presented net of tax on the face of the income statement, and their per-share effects may not be shown there.

ASC 220-30 governs how an entity presents and discloses recoveries under business interruption insurance — insurance covering lost gross margin, a portion of fixed charges and expenses related to that lost margin, and extra expenses incurred to mitigate the interruption loss. The core rule is permissive on presentation: an entity may choose any classification of the recoveries in the statement of operations so long as it is not contrary to existing GAAP (220-30-45-1). In exchange for that flexibility, the Subtopic mandates note disclosure of the event and the amount and location of recoveries recognized.

ASC 220-40 (added by ASU 2024-03) requires public business entities to disaggregate, in a tabular note disclosure, each "relevant expense caption" presented on the face of the income statement in continuing operations into prescribed natural expense categories: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and DD&A of oil-and-gas/other depletion (220-40-50-6). Other GAAP-required expense, gain, and loss items must be pulled into the same table (220-40-50-21 through 50-22), expense reimbursements must be addressed (50-26 through 50-29), and any residual must be shown as "other items" with a qualitative description of its composition (50-30). Entities must also disclose total selling expenses and, annually, how they define selling expenses (50-35 through 50-36).

This industry-specific subtopic addresses how a federal government contractor presents amounts in the income statement relating to terminated contracts. After ASC 2014-09 superseded most of its guidance, the only surviving rule is that items the contractor keeps without making a claim for cost or loss stay on the balance sheet as inventory or deferred charges (220-912-45-3).

ASC 220-932 is a short "pointer" subtopic that addresses income statement presentation for oil- and gas-producing activities. It contains no substantive incremental rules of its own: it adopts the scope of ASC 932-10-15 and directs readers to the industry disclosure requirements in 932-235-50-21 through 50-28 and to the illustrative results-of-operations example in 932-235-55-5.

This subtopic governs the form and content of the statement of operations (income statement) for investment companies. The statement must show investment income less expenses to arrive at net investment income, then net realized gains/losses and the change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments and foreign currency, summing to the net increase or decrease in net assets resulting from operations. Special presentation rules apply to multiple-class funds, master-feeder structures, and funds of funds.

This Subtopic governs how not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities present their statement of operations and statement of changes in net assets. Its central requirement is a clearly labeled "performance indicator" (e.g., revenues over expenses) reported in a statement that also shows total changes in net assets without donor restrictions, with a specified list of items — such as equity transfers, donor-restricted contributions, other comprehensive income items, and unrealized gains/losses on non-trading debt securities — required to be reported outside that indicator.

ASC 220-958 governs the not-for-profit statement of activities — the NFP substitute for a business entity's income statement. It requires the statement to focus on the entity as a whole and report the change in total net assets, the change in net assets with donor restrictions, and the change in net assets without donor restrictions, with revenues, expenses, gains, losses, and reclassifications classified among those net asset classes. It addresses how to report these elements (including gross versus net display, investment return net of investment expenses, and optional intermediate measures of operations), but not when to recognize or how to measure them.

ASC 225-10 was the "Overall" subtopic of the Income Statement topic, but every one of its paragraphs (Sections 05 Background, 15 Scope, and 45 Other Presentation Matters) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19. As a result, the subtopic contains no substantive guidance; income statement presentation guidance now resides in ASC 220 (Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income) and other presentation topics.

ASC 225-20 formerly governed the reporting of extraordinary items (events both unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence) and unusual or infrequently occurring items in the income statement. Every paragraph has been superseded: ASU 2015-01 eliminated the extraordinary item concept and its separate net-of-tax presentation below income from continuing operations, and Maintenance Update 2017-19 removed the remaining shell paragraphs after the transition period ended. Presentation and disclosure of material unusual or infrequently occurring items now resides in ASC 220-20 (Income Statement—Unusual or Infrequently Occurring Items).

ASC 225-30 formerly addressed how to present and disclose business interruption insurance recoveries in the income statement. All of its content (Sections 05, 15, 45, and 50) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19, so the subtopic is now an empty shell with no operative guidance. Entities receiving business interruption insurance proceeds must look to other guidance, such as the successor guidance in ASC 220-30 and general gain contingency rules.

ASC 225-912 formerly provided income statement presentation guidance for contractors with the federal government (a subtopic of the legacy Income Statement topic). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Overview and Background (05), Scope (15), and Other Presentation Matters (45) — was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Presentation questions for federal government contractors are now addressed under the revenue and other applicable topics rather than here.

This subtopic formerly prescribed how a development stage entity presented its income statement — most notably cumulative amounts of revenues and expenses from inception. Every paragraph (225-915-05-1, 15-1, and 45-1) was superseded by ASU 2014-10, which eliminated the concept of a development stage entity from U.S. GAAP. As a result, there are no remaining presentation requirements in ASC 225-915.

ASC 225-932 was the income statement subtopic addressing oil and gas extractive activities, but every paragraph in it (Sections 05, 15, 50, and 55) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19. As a result the subtopic contains no operative guidance; readers must look to ASC 932 (Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas) and ASC 220 for income statement presentation and disclosure requirements.

ASC 225-946 was the industry-specific income statement guidance for investment companies, but every paragraph in it (Sections 05, 15, 45, and 50) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19. The subtopic is now an empty shell with no operative guidance; the substantive requirements for an investment company's statement of operations were relocated to (and remain in) ASC 946, Financial Services—Investment Companies. Readers encountering a citation to 225-946 should redirect to ASC 946-225.

ASC 225-954 formerly provided income statement presentation guidance for health care entities (e.g., the performance indicator and reporting of patient service revenue). Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 45, 50, and 55 — was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Health care income statement presentation guidance now resides in Topic 954 (principally 954-205 and 954-225 as relocated) and, for revenue, in Topic 606.

ASC 225-958 was the income statement subtopic for not-for-profit entities, but every paragraph in it (Sections 05, 15, 45, 50, and 55) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-19. The subtopic contains no remaining substantive guidance; its former content on presenting a not-for-profit entity's statement of activities was relocated as part of the Codification's reorganization of not-for-profit presentation guidance.

ASC 230-10 governs the statement of cash flows, which every entity presenting both financial position and results of operations must provide for each period results of operations are presented (230-10-15-3). It requires cash receipts and payments to be classified as operating, investing, or financing activities and requires the statement to explain the change in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents (230-10-45-4, 45-10, 45-24). Operating cash flows may be presented by the direct method (encouraged) or the indirect method, but a business entity must reconcile net income to net cash flow from operating activities either way (230-10-45-25, 45-28, 45-29).

This subtopic tells an entity with foreign currency transactions or foreign operations how to translate cash flows in the statement of cash flows. Foreign currency cash flows are reported at the reporting currency equivalent using the exchange rates in effect at the time of the cash flows (a weighted-average rate may be used if the result is substantially the same). The effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash held in foreign currencies is shown as a separate part of the reconciliation of the change in total cash for the period.

ASC 230-915 formerly required a development stage entity to present inception-to-date (cumulative) amounts in its statement of cash flows in addition to the amounts for the current period. Every paragraph in the subtopic (230-915-05-1, 15-1, and 45-1) was superseded by ASU 2014-10, which eliminated the development stage entity reporting concept from U.S. GAAP. As a result, entities formerly in the development stage now prepare a statement of cash flows under ASC 230 exactly like any other entity, with no cumulative-since-inception column.

This Subtopic tells broadcasters how to classify cash paid for program license rights in the statement of cash flows. Under 230-920-45-1, cash outflows to obtain rights under a license agreement for program material are operating activities, and the amortization of the capitalized license costs is included in the reconciliation of net income to net cash flows from operating activities.

This Subtopic tells film production and distribution entities how to classify certain film-related cash flows in the statement of cash flows. Cash outflows for film costs, participation costs, exploitation costs, and manufacturing costs are operating activities—not investing—even though film costs are capitalized as assets. Amortization of film costs is added back in the reconciliation of net income to net cash flows from operating activities.

This Subtopic tailors the statement of cash flows to banks, savings institutions, and credit unions. Its core rule is a net-reporting exception: these institutions need not report gross cash receipts and payments for deposits placed with or withdrawn from other financial institutions, time deposits accepted and repaid, and loans made to customers and principal collections on those loans (230-942-45-1). It also requires that principal payments received under sales-type and direct financing leases be classified as investing activities (230-942-45-4) and provides a full direct-method illustration in Section 55.

This subtopic applies the statement of cash flows requirements to investment companies and points to the narrow exemption that lets certain investment companies omit the statement entirely. It also identifies noncash investing and financing activities peculiar to investment companies — notably reinvested dividends and distributions — that must be disclosed.

This subtopic provides implementation guidance for how not-for-profit entities (NFPs) prepare a statement of cash flows under Topic 230. It addresses when otherwise-qualifying short-term investments cannot be treated as cash equivalents because of donor restrictions, how donor-restricted contributions for long-term purposes must be reclassified as financing inflows, and how agency transactions, noncash contributions, and collection items are reported.

This Subtopic addresses how a real estate entity classifies cash payments to purchase real estate in the statement of cash flows. Real estate is generally a productive asset, so its purchase is an investing cash outflow; but if a developer acquires real estate specifically for resale (to be subdivided, improved, and sold in lots), the payment is an operating cash flow because the property is akin to inventory.

This subtopic governs how entities engaged in real estate time-sharing activities classify cash flows related to time-sharing notes receivable. The core rule is that all changes in time-sharing notes receivable — including cash received from selling those notes — are reported as operating activities in the statement of cash flows (230-978-45-1), rather than as investing or financing activities.

ASC 235-10 requires an entity whose financial statements purport to present fairly financial position, cash flows, and results of operations in accordance with GAAP to include a description of all significant accounting policies as an integral part of those statements (235-10-50-1). "Accounting policies" are the specific accounting principles and the methods of applying them that management judges most appropriate in the circumstances (235-10-05-3). The disclosure must cover principles and methods that materially affect the financial statements, especially selections among acceptable alternatives, industry-peculiar methods, and unusual or innovative applications of GAAP (235-10-50-3).

ASC 235-910 was the construction-contractor industry supplement to ASC 235 on notes to financial statements, which required disclosure of the accounting policies used for construction-type contracts. Every paragraph in the subtopic (05-1, 15-1, 50-1 and 50-2) was superseded by Maintenance Update No. 2019-01, so the subtopic now contains no operative guidance. Contractors instead look to the general accounting policy disclosure requirements of ASC 235-10 and to the revenue disclosures in ASC 606.

ASC 235-912 formerly provided accounting-policy disclosure guidance in the notes to financial statements for entities contracting with the federal government. All of its content (paragraphs 235-912-05-1, 15-1 and 50-1) was superseded by ASU 2014-09, the revenue recognition standard, so the subtopic now carries no operative guidance.

This subtopic formerly required development stage entities to disclose their accounting policies and their development stage status within the notes to the financial statements. Every paragraph in it (Sections 05, 15, and 50) was superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-10, which eliminated the development stage entity reporting concept from U.S. GAAP. As a result, there are no remaining requirements under ASC 235-915.

ASC 932-235 sets the note and supplemental disclosure requirements for entities with oil- and gas-producing activities. All such entities must disclose their cost accounting method (successful efforts vs. full cost), how capitalized costs are disposed of, and information about exploratory well costs still capitalized pending determination of proved reserves. Publicly traded companies with significant oil and gas activities must additionally provide, as supplementary information with annual statements, proved reserve quantities and changes, capitalized costs, costs incurred, results of operations, the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows, and changes in that measure.

This Subtopic sets the note disclosure requirements for investment companies with complex capital structures — multiple-class funds, master-feeder arrangements, and funds of funds. Multiple-class funds must describe each class, the income/expense and gain/loss allocation method, class-specific fee arrangements, capital share transactions by class, and sales charges paid to affiliates. Feeder funds must describe the master-feeder structure, their percentage ownership of the master, and the master's accounting policies affecting them, while funds of funds must describe the structure and the valuation policy based on investee-reported values.

This Subtopic sets the note disclosure requirements unique to common interest realty associations (CIRAs) — condominiums, homeowners associations, cooperative housing corporations, and time-share associations. Beyond ordinary GAAP disclosures, a CIRA must describe its legal form and the entity it serves, developer services/subsidies and developer-owned units, the proposed use of special assessment funds, and any assessments used for undesignated purposes (235-972-50-1). It must also disclose its funding for future major repairs and replacements (235-972-50-2) and present cost estimates for those repairs and replacements as unaudited supplementary information (235-972-50-3).

ASC 250-10 governs how entities report the three types of accounting changes (change in accounting principle, change in accounting estimate, change in reporting entity) and the correction of errors in previously issued financial statements. The default rule is retrospective application for changes in principle and changes in reporting entity, prospective treatment (current and future periods) for changes in estimate, and restatement for error corrections. A change in principle is permitted only if required by a Codification update or justified as preferable, and retrospective application may be limited only where it is "impracticable" under the narrow conditions in 250-10-45-9.

This Subtopic tells time-share sellers how to account for a change in the delineation of a time-share project or its phases. If the change results from a significant change in facts and circumstances about the project's development (e.g., major sales price or discount revisions, construction cost or inflation changes, temporary construction delays, design changes, or a shift toward more luxury units), it is a change in accounting estimate under Subtopic 250-10, recorded as a current-period adjustment per 978-330-35-1. If there is no such change in facts and circumstances, the change is a change in the method of applying an accounting principle under Subtopic 250-10.

This Subtopic applies the general accounting change and error correction rules of Topic 250 to entities with regulated operations that meet the criteria of paragraph 980-10-15-2 (so that costs designated for future recovery by the regulator are probable of recovery). Its core rule is that a change in accounting method that does not affect costs allowable for rate-making purposes is reported the same way an unregulated entity would report it, whereas a change that does affect allowable costs is generally implemented the way it is implemented for regulatory purposes. It also confirms that prior period adjustments are limited to error corrections and prior interim period adjustments of the current fiscal year, and that previously unaccrued estimated refunds are charged to income when the accrual criteria are first met.

ASC 255-10 governs supplementary disclosure of the effects of changing prices (inflation) on financial statements. Business entities reporting in U.S. dollars under GAAP are *encouraged but not required* to disclose a five-year summary of current cost-constant purchasing power data — including income from continuing operations on a current cost basis, purchasing power gain or loss on net monetary items, and the inflation-adjusted change in the current cost of inventory and PP&E. The Subtopic also supplies the measurement rules for current cost and lower recoverable amount, the CPI-U restatement mechanics, the translate-restate vs. restate-translate methods for foreign functional currency operations, and guidance on classifying balance sheet items as monetary or nonmonetary.

ASC 255-912 tells federal government contractors how to classify certain contract-related balances when they voluntarily disclose supplementary information about the effects of changing prices under Subtopic 255-10. Its core rule is a set of monetary/nonmonetary classifications used to compute the purchasing power gain or loss on net monetary items: contract inventories and fixed-price contract advances and warranty obligations are nonmonetary, while accrued losses on contracts are monetary.

ASC 260-10 governs the computation, presentation, and disclosure of basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) by entities with publicly traded common stock or potential common stock (or entities in registration). Basic EPS divides income available to common stockholders (income less preferred dividends) by the weighted-average common shares outstanding (260-10-45-10 through 45-11); diluted EPS adds all dilutive potential common shares using the treasury stock method for options/warrants, the reverse treasury stock method for written puts and forward purchases, and the if-converted method for convertible securities, never assuming antidilutive conversions (260-10-45-16 through 45-45). The subtopic also covers the two-class method for participating securities, contingently issuable shares, down round features, and master limited partnership earnings per unit.

ASC 270-10 governs how GAAP is applied to interim financial information (monthly, quarterly, or other periods shorter than a year) and what must be disclosed. Its core rule is the "integral part" view: each interim period is viewed primarily as an integral part of an annual period, so results generally follow the accounting principles used in the latest annual financial statements, with specified modifications (e.g., inventory, LIFO liquidations, cost allocations, estimated annual effective tax rate). It also sets minimum disclosure requirements for publicly traded companies reporting summarized interim data, which ASU 2025-11 replaces with disclosure requirements keyed to interim financial statements and notes prepared in accordance with GAAP, including condensed statements.

This Subtopic addresses interim reporting for oil- and gas-producing entities. Its core rule is that the extensive oil and gas disclosures required by Subtopic 932-235 (reserve quantity and standardized measure disclosures) need not be repeated in interim financial reports, but interim reports must disclose a major discovery or other favorable or adverse event that significantly changes the reserve information reported in the most recent annual financial report.

ASC 272-10 provides financial reporting and presentation guidance for U.S.-organized limited liability entities (LLCs and LLPs) that issue GAAP financial statements. It requires LLC statements to look like partnership statements — equity is labeled "members' equity," headings must clearly identify the entity as an LLC, and a complete set includes a statement of financial position, statement of operations, statement of cash flows, notes, and information on changes in members' equity. It also mandates disclosure of any limitation on members' liability, the classes of member interests and their rights, and a finite life date if applicable.

ASC 274-10 governs personal financial statements prepared for an individual, a married couple, or a family. The core rule is that assets are presented at their estimated current values and liabilities at their estimated current amounts on the accrual basis (274-10-25-1; 274-10-35-1), with a provision for estimated income taxes on the difference between those amounts and the related tax bases (274-10-35-15). The required statement is a statement of financial condition ending in net worth; a statement of changes in net worth and comparative statements are optional (274-10-45-4, 45-5).

ASC 275-10 requires all entities to disclose, in the basic financial statements, information about risks and uncertainties existing at the balance sheet date in four areas: nature of operations (or, if principal operations have not commenced, current activities), the pervasive use of management estimates, certain significant estimates, and current vulnerability due to certain concentrations (275-10-50-1). The hallmark of the Subtopic is selectivity — disclosure is triggered only when specified screening criteria are met, generally when it is at least reasonably possible that a change or severe impact will occur in the near term and the effect would be material or severe (275-10-50-8; 275-10-50-16). It excludes risks from management/key personnel, proposed regulatory or accounting changes, internal control deficiencies, and acts of God, war, or sudden catastrophes (275-10-15-4).

This Subtopic requires federal government contractors to make incremental disclosures about the risks and uncertainties arising from the government's unilateral right to terminate contracts for its convenience. The effect of a termination is reflected in the period the termination occurs (or earlier if it is a subsequent event attributable to balance-sheet-date conditions), with only the reasonably estimable portions of a termination claim recognized and the remainder disclosed. Controversial or undeterminable claim elements are stated at amounts estimated to be collectible or excluded and disclosed.

ASC 280-10 requires public entities to disclose information about their operating segments using the "management approach" — segments are the components whose discrete financial results the chief operating decision maker (CODM) regularly reviews to allocate resources and assess performance (280-10-50-1). Operating segments that meet the 10 percent revenue, profit/loss, or asset thresholds (or are needed to reach the 75 percent of consolidated revenue floor) are reportable, and the entity must disclose segment profit or loss, assets, significant segment expenses, and reconciliations to consolidated amounts. All public entities, including single-reportable-segment entities, must also give entity-wide disclosures about products and services, geographic areas, and major customers.

ASC 280-908 is the airlines-industry subtopic of the segment reporting topic, but it contains no substantive guidance — its Overview/Background, Scope, and Other Presentation Matters sections are all marked "Section not used." Airlines therefore apply the general segment reporting requirements of ASC 280-10 (operating segments, aggregation criteria, reportable segment thresholds, and entity-wide disclosures) without any airline-specific modification in this subtopic.

This Subtopic applies segment reporting to casino entities. A nonpublic casino property that also contains a hotel, restaurant, parking garage and similar amenities is generally treated as a single industry segment, because allocating costs among the interdependent operations to measure each one's contribution to operating profit would be arbitrary and not meaningful. However, nonpublic casino entities that operate in multiple legal jurisdictions may have geographic segments and must report that geographic information (280-924-50-1).

ASC 280-932 is a short "pointer" subtopic that addresses segment reporting as it applies to oil and gas producing activities. It contains no substantive requirements of its own: its scope mirrors that of the oil and gas Overall Subtopic (932-10-15), and it directs preparers to the industry-specific segment disclosure requirements located with the other oil and gas disclosures in 932-235-50-22 through 50-23.

This industry subtopic applies the general segment reporting rules to investor-owned health care entities. Its single substantive rule is that, for purposes of the major-customer disclosures in paragraph 280-10-50-42, an insurer that merely pays for a patient's care is not the health care facility's "customer." The customer is identified by who decides which services to purchase and from which facility.

ASC 305-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Cash and Cash Equivalents topic, but its substantive content has been removed — the scope, overview, and implementation guidance paragraphs were superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-21 and ASU 2012-04. As a result, 305-10 today functions largely as a placeholder heading; the operative guidance on cash and cash equivalents lives elsewhere, principally in ASC 230 (definition and presentation of cash equivalents, restricted cash) and ASC 210 (balance sheet classification).

ASC 305-942 was the industry-specific guidance on cash and cash equivalents for depository and lending institutions (banks, savings institutions, credit unions). Every paragraph in the subtopic — scope, presentation, and disclosure — was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-21, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Entities in this industry now apply the general guidance in ASC 305 and, for restricted/reserve balances and cash flow classification, ASC 942-305 and ASC 230.

ASC 305-946 was the investment-company-specific guidance on cash and cash equivalents. Every remaining paragraph (05-1, 15-1, 45-1, 45-2) was superseded by Maintenance Update 2017-21, so the subtopic contains no substantive guidance today. Investment companies now look to the general cash guidance in ASC 305 and to the presentation and disclosure requirements in ASC 946.

ASC 305-954 was the health care industry-specific guidance on cash and cash equivalents, but it now contains no operative content — every paragraph has been superseded or is unused. Health care entities therefore follow the general guidance in Topic 305 together with the broader health care presentation rules in Topic 954.

ASC 310-10 is the Overall subtopic for receivables, providing general guidance on recognizing, measuring, presenting, and disclosing loans and trade receivables (including factoring, loan syndications, standby commitments to purchase loans, purchased credit card portfolios, and secured loans), plus a separate set of Subsections on acquisition, development, and construction (ADC) arrangements. Receivables held for the foreseeable future are carried at amortized cost basis (with credit losses under Topic 326), while nonmortgage loans held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost basis or fair value through a valuation allowance. The ADC Subsections tell a lender whether an arrangement in which it participates in expected residual profit is a loan, a real estate investment, or a real estate joint venture; most of the old impairment/TDR guidance in this subtopic was superseded by ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2022-02, leaving modification disclosures behind.

ASC 310-910 was the industry-specific guidance on receivables of construction contractors (classification and disclosure of contract receivables, retainage, and unbilled amounts). Every paragraph in the subtopic has been superseded — the presentation and disclosure paragraphs by ASU 2014-09 (the revenue standard) and the remainder by Maintenance Update No. 2019-01. As a result, the subtopic now contains no substantive guidance; contract asset, contract receivable, and retainage questions for contractors are addressed under ASC 606 (and ASC 326 for credit losses).

This Subtopic tells federal government contractors how to recognize, present, and disclose receivables arising from government contracts. Its core rules: unbilled costs and fees under cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts are receivables or contract assets (not advances or inventory); progress payments are applied first against unbilled receivables (or accounted for as financing if the government obtains only a secured interest); and a terminated contract converts contract inventory into a termination claim receivable classified as a current asset.

This Subtopic governs how an investment company presents receivables in its statement of assets and liabilities. Receivables must be listed separately at net realizable value by category — dividends and interest, investment securities sold, capital stock sold, and other accounts receivable (including related-party and affiliate expense-reimbursement receivables and variation margin on open futures contracts). Foreign-currency-denominated receivables are translated into the functional currency at current exchange rates and may be grouped with the corresponding functional currency receivables.

This subtopic governs how mortgage banking entities account for mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities, including classification as held for sale versus held for long-term investment, related origination fees and costs, and transactions with affiliates. Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of amortized cost basis or fair value through a valuation allowance charged to income, while loans held for long-term investment are carried at amortized cost basis with credit losses measured under Subtopic 326-20. Transfers between classifications require reversal in earnings of any previously recorded allowance and re-measurement under the new classification.

ASC 310-954 governs how health care entities recognize, measure, present, and disclose receivables, principally amounts due from patients and third-party payors (Blue Cross, Medicare, Medicaid, HMOs, workers' compensation). Contractual adjustments and discounts are treated as variable consideration under ASC 606 (606-10-32-5 through 32-14 and 32-42 through 32-45), while an allowance for credit losses is measured under Topic 326. Charity care is never recognized as a receivable, and amounts due from third-party payors for retroactive adjustments such as final settlements or appeals must be reported separately.

This subtopic governs contributions (promises to give) receivable — a receivable unique to not-for-profit entities — focusing on subsequent measurement, presentation, and disclosure after initial recognition under 958-605. Unconditional promises are recognized as an asset and revenue when received (with verifiable documentation), measured initially under 958-605-30-4 through 30-8, and thereafter either at fair value under the 825-10 fair value option or under the change-in-value rules in Section 35 (interest accretion is contribution revenue; decreases in expected assets are bad debt expense/loss; increases generally are not recognized except as recovery of previously recognized bad debts).

This Subtopic governs when a defined benefit pension plan recognizes contributions receivable in its own financial statements. Amounts due at the reporting date from employers, participants, or other funding sources (separately identified) are recognized when supported by legal or contractual requirements or a formal commitment, net of an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts. Unfunded prior service costs and any excess of the actuarial present value of accumulated plan benefits over net assets available for benefits are not plan receivables.

This Subtopic governs receivables in the financial statements of defined contribution pension plans — principally employer/participant contributions receivable and participant loans. Contributions receivable are recognized when supported by a formal commitment or legal/contractual requirement, are shown net of an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts, and are separately identified. Participant loans are measured at unpaid principal plus accrued but unpaid interest and are reported as notes receivable from participants rather than as investments at fair value.

This Subtopic governs receivables of health and welfare benefit plans, principally contributions receivable from employers and amounts due from insurance entities. Employer contributions are recognized only when supported by a formal commitment (e.g., a governing-body resolution, an established pattern of post-year-end funding, a tax deduction, or the employer's own recorded payable), and contributions receivable must carry an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts. Deposits with insurance entities or service providers and premium stabilization reserves remain plan assets until applied against premiums or claims, and experience-rating refunds are recorded when probable and reasonably estimable.

ASC 320-10 governs the accounting and reporting for all investments in debt securities (post-ASU 2016-01, equity securities moved to Topic 321). At acquisition an entity must classify each debt security as trading, available-for-sale, or held-to-maturity (320-10-25-1) and document that classification (320-10-25-2); trading and AFS securities are carried at fair value (unrealized gains/losses in earnings and OCI, respectively) while HTM securities are carried at amortized cost (320-10-35-1). The Subtopic's core tension is the restrictive "positive intent and ability to hold to maturity" standard, the narrow list of sales/transfers that do not "taint" the HTM portfolio, and the required category disclosures.

This subtopic governs how broker-dealers account for investments in debt and equity securities, covering both clearance/settlement activities (General) and proprietary trading (Proprietary Trading Securities). The core rules are that all regular-way trades are reflected on a trade-date basis (320-940-25-1), and proprietary security positions — both inventory and obligations for short inventory positions — are measured initially and subsequently at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in profit or loss (320-940-30-2, 35-1, 35-2).

ASC 320-954 was the health care entities industry supplement to the debt securities guidance in Topic 320, addressing scope, subsequent measurement, presentation (including where unrealized gains and losses appear in a health care entity's performance indicator) and related implementation examples. Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 35, 45 and 55 — was superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-01. As a result the subtopic contains no operative guidance; health care entities look instead to Topic 320 as amended and to Topic 321 for equity securities.

ASC 323-740 provides standalone guidance on the proportional amortization method for equity investments in flow-through limited liability entities made primarily to receive income tax credits and other income tax benefits (e.g., LIHTC and other tax credit programs). If the conditions in 323-740-25-1 are met and the method is elected on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis (323-740-25-4), the investor amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits allocated to it, and reports that amortization within income tax expense (benefit) (323-740-35-2; 323-740-45-2).

This Subtopic applies equity method and joint venture accounting to the oil and gas industry. Its core point is that joint interest (joint venture) operations, in which working interest owners retain an undivided interest in a jointly operated property run by a designated operator, are usually reflected by including the investor's proportional share of the revenues, expenses, and assets directly in its financial statements rather than by a one-line equity method presentation.

This Subtopic governs how health care entities (within the scope of Topic 954) account for investments that are NOT financial instruments — for example, investment real estate or certain oil and gas interests. Such investments are reported at amortized cost and tested for impairment under the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets Subsections of Subtopic 360-10. Property held for investment purposes is presented within investments on the balance sheet.

ASC 340-944 governs how insurance entities account for and report certain deferred costs and prepaid expenses, organized into a General Subsection and a Reinsurance Contracts Subsection. Its operative rule is that amounts an insurer pays a reinsurer for the unexpired portion of reinsured contracts — prepaid reinsurance premiums — must be reported separately as assets (340-944-25-1), rather than netted against related liabilities.

This Subtopic covers "other assets and deferred costs" of health care entities — prepaid expenses, deposits, and deferred expenses, including amounts paid to physicians for future services such as administering a hospital department or providing community services that further the entity's mission (340-954-05-2). If such prepaid costs are deferred, they must be amortized over the period benefited (340-954-35-2), and all such items are classified as current or noncurrent as appropriate (340-954-45-1). The former recognition guidance (Sections 25 and part of 35) was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so contract cost questions now fall under ASC 340-40 and revenue under ASC 606.

ASC 350-60 governs the subsequent measurement, presentation, and disclosure of in-scope crypto assets (e.g., bitcoin-type fungible tokens). The core rule is that such assets are measured at fair value on the balance sheet with remeasurement gains and losses recognized in net income (350-60-35-1), replacing the old indefinite-lived intangible impairment-only model. Initial measurement, recognition, and derecognition remain governed by other GAAP (350-60-05-2).

This Subtopic carves oil- and gas-producing entities out of the general intangible asset balance sheet classification and disclosure rules for their drilling and mineral rights. Because the oil and gas accounting framework turns on the level of established reserves rather than on whether an asset is tangible or intangible, the scope exception in 350-10-15-4(b) extends to the disclosure provisions, with disclosure instead governed by Section 932-235-50. Entities may voluntarily provide additional information about drilling and mineral rights but may not analogize this exception to other items in 350-10-15-4.

ASC 360-10 governs the accounting for property, plant, and equipment and, in separate "Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets" Subsections, the impairment testing of long-lived assets held and used and the measurement, presentation, and disclosure of long-lived assets to be disposed of. Cost (including capitalized interest) is allocated to periods through systematic and rational depreciation (360-10-35-4). A held-and-used asset group is written down only if its carrying amount fails an undiscounted cash flow recoverability test, and then only down to fair value (360-10-35-17); held-for-sale assets are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell and are not depreciated (360-10-35-43).

This Subtopic addresses how depository and lending institutions (banks, savings institutions, credit unions) present property, plant, and equipment in their financial statements. Premises and equipment are generally reported as a single balance sheet caption, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization, with the accumulated amount shown on the face of the balance sheet or in the notes. Net gains or losses on disposition of premises and equipment go into noninterest income or noninterest expense rather than a separate line.

This subtopic tells insurance entities how to account for and report real estate. Real estate is classified by predominant use as either a real estate investment or real estate used in the business, and real estate acquired in settling mortgage guaranty and title insurance claims is a third, separately reported category measured initially at fair value (investments are measured at cost, then cost less accumulated depreciation). Depreciation and impairment charges follow the balance sheet classification — investment income/realized gains and losses for investments, and adjustments to claim costs incurred for real estate acquired in settling claims.

This industry subtopic addresses how health care entities present property that is held for investment purposes rather than used in operations. Its single substantive rule is that such property is reported as part of investments (360-954-45-1), not within operating property, plant, and equipment. Its scope follows the health care entities Overall Subtopic scope in Section 954-10-15.

This Subtopic governs how a defined benefit pension plan accounts for property, plant, and equipment it uses in operating the plan (buildings, equipment, furniture and fixtures, leasehold improvements). Unlike plan investments, which are generally reported at fair value, these operating assets are presented at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization (360-960-35-1). The rationale is that expenditures for operating assets are advance payments for future administrative services rather than investments expected to generate cash flows to pay benefits (360-960-35-2).

ASC 405-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Liabilities Topic; it functions as a navigational "roadmap" rather than a source of substantive measurement rules. It lists the other Subtopics within Topic 405 (Extinguishments of Liabilities, Insurance-Related Assessments, Joint and Several Liability Arrangements, Supplier Finance Programs) and points to the Topics elsewhere in the Codification that directly address recognition of particular liabilities.

ASC 405-50 is a disclosure-only subtopic requiring the buyer in a supplier finance program (also called reverse factoring, payables finance, or structured payables) to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about the program. A supplier finance program exists when the buyer agrees with a finance provider or intermediary, confirms supplier invoices as valid to that party, and the supplier can request early payment from a party other than the buyer (405-50-15-2). The subtopic does not address recognition, measurement, or balance sheet presentation of the obligation, or the accounting by other parties (405-50-10-2).

ASC 405-910 formerly provided liability guidance (offsetting/presentation and disclosure of advances, billings, and related contractor obligations) for construction contractors. Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 45, and 50 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). As a result, the subtopic contains no operative guidance; contract liabilities of construction contractors are now addressed under ASC 606 (and contract costs under ASC 340-40).

ASC 405-912 tells federal government contractors how to present and disclose liabilities arising from terminated contracts and from progress/advance payments. Termination loans (even if government-guaranteed) are third-party liabilities shown as current liabilities with cross-reference to the related claim; unliquidated advance payments on a terminated contract are deducted from the claim receivable. Progress and advance payments accounted for as borrowings under 912-310-25-7 are reported as cash received from financing activities.

This Subtopic governs how broadcasters account for the liabilities they incur under license agreements for program material. A broadcaster recognizes both an asset (the program rights) and a liability when the license period begins and the conditions in 920-350-25-2 are met, measuring both at either the fair value or the gross amount of the liability, with any discount accreted as interest under Topic 835. The liability is then split between current and noncurrent on the balance sheet according to the payment terms.

This Subtopic addresses liabilities of brokers and dealers in securities, specifically stock-loan and repurchase (repo) transactions entered into to finance investment positions in lieu of a bank loan. Topic 860 supplies the general accounting for whether such transactions are sales or financings. If they are accounted for as financing transactions, the related rebate or interest expense must be presented in the income statement separately from any trading gains or losses.

This Subtopic governs how depository and lending institutions recognize, measure, present, and disclose deposit liabilities and short-sale obligations. Deposit liabilities are recognized when deposits are received (not when funds are collected), with deposit float recorded as both an asset and a liability, and credit unions must present member share/savings accounts unequivocally as liabilities. Short sales ("securities sold, not yet purchased") are reported as liabilities measured at fair value through income, with interest on short positions accrued as interest expense.

This Subtopic gives presentation guidance for liabilities in an investment company's statement of assets and liabilities. It requires accounts payable to be broken out separately for investment securities purchased and for capital stock reacquired, and describes what falls into "other liabilities." Foreign-currency payables are translated at current exchange rates and may be grouped with the corresponding functional currency payables.

ASC 430-10 is now only a signpost: it contains no substantive recognition or measurement rules of its own. Its single remaining paragraph (430-10-05-1) directs readers to Topic 606 for guidance on deferred revenue and contract liabilities. The former recognition and relationship paragraphs (430-10-25-1 and 430-10-60-1) were superseded by ASU 2014-09.

ASC 430-922 formerly provided industry-specific guidance on deferred revenue for cable television companies (e.g., accounting for installation and hookup fees received before the related service was provided). Every paragraph in the subtopic — 430-922-05-1, 15-1, 25-1, 30-1, and 35-1 — was superseded by ASU 2014-09, the revenue recognition standard. As a result, the subtopic contains no operative guidance; cable television revenue and related contract liabilities are now accounted for under ASC 606.

This subtopic formerly addressed deferred revenue (advances and license fees received before recognition) for entertainment—films entities. Every substantive paragraph in Sections 05, 15, and 25 was superseded by ASU 2014-09 (the revenue standard), so the subtopic contains no remaining guidance. Film-related contract liabilities are now accounted for under ASC 606 and ASC 926-605/926-10 as amended.

ASC 450-30 governs gain contingencies — existing conditions or situations involving uncertainty that may result in a future gain to the entity. The core rule is asymmetric to loss contingencies: a gain contingency usually should not be reflected in the financial statements, because doing so might recognize revenue before it is realized (450-30-25-1). Instead, adequate disclosure is required, worded carefully so as not to imply that realization is more likely than it is (450-30-50-1).

ASC 470-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Debt topic and governs a borrower's balance sheet classification (current vs. noncurrent) of specific obligations: short-term obligations expected to be refinanced, due-on-demand loans, callable debt and covenant violations, revolving credit agreements with lock-box arrangements and subjective acceleration clauses, increasing-rate debt, sales of future revenue, and indexed debt. Core rules: callable and demand obligations are current unless a waiver/cure exception applies (470-10-45-10 through 45-11), and a short-term obligation may be excluded from current liabilities only if the entity intends to refinance long term and demonstrates ability via post-balance-sheet issuance of long-term debt/equity or a qualifying financing agreement (470-10-45-14). It also sets debt-versus-deferred-income classification for proceeds from sales of future revenue and disclosure requirements for maturities, unused lines of credit, and refinancings.

This Subtopic gives industry-specific presentation and disclosure rules for the borrowings and long-term obligations of depository and lending institutions. Significant categories of borrowings must appear as separate balance sheet line items (or one line with note detail of components), mortgage transfers treated as secured borrowings under Topic 860 must be shown as debt separately from advances, other notes payable and subordinated debt, and notes must describe the principal terms of each debt agreement. Fair value estimates of deposit liabilities must exclude core deposit intangibles.

This subtopic governs how an insurance entity that issues surplus notes (also called certificates of contribution, surplus debentures, or capital notes) accounts for them under GAAP. The core rule is that surplus notes are debt, not equity: they are presented as liabilities and interest is accrued over the note's life even though the domiciliary state insurance commissioner must approve each principal and interest payment (470-944-25-1, 35-1, 45-1).

This Subtopic gives health care entity-specific debt guidance, principally for tax-exempt bond financings. Bonds issued by a financing authority for a health care entity's benefit are recorded as a liability (or lease liability) only if the entity is responsible for repayment; otherwise the proceeds are reported as contributions from the sponsoring entity. It also addresses arbitrage rebate liabilities owed to the U.S. Treasury and the accounting for crossover refundings.

This subtopic addresses how a not-for-profit entity accounts for debt, in particular conduit financing obtained through state and local financing authorities. The core rule is that because the NFP is responsible for repaying tax-exempt bonds or other obligations issued on its behalf, the NFP recognizes that financing as a liability on its statement of financial position (470-958-25-1). Scope follows the NFP Overall Subtopic scope in Section 958-10-15.

ASC 480-10 tells an issuer when a freestanding financial instrument with characteristics of both liabilities and equity must be classified as a liability (or, in some cases, an asset) rather than equity. It captures three classes of instruments: (1) mandatorily redeemable financial instruments (480-10-25-4); (2) obligations, other than outstanding shares, to repurchase the issuer's own equity shares by transferring assets (480-10-25-8); and (3) certain obligations settleable in a variable number of shares whose monetary value is fixed, indexed to something other than the issuer's shares, or varies inversely with the issuer's share price (480-10-25-14). Measurement is generally fair value, except that mandatorily redeemable instruments and physically settled fixed-share forward purchase contracts are accreted to the settlement amount with the change recognized as interest cost.

ASC 505-10 is the residual "Overall" subtopic for equity — it covers equity matters not addressed in the other Equity subtopics (stock dividends/splits, treasury stock, spinoffs) or in other Topics such as 480 and 815. Its core rules are that transactions in an entity's own capital stock (and quasi-reorganization adjustments and transfers to/from appropriated retained earnings) never affect net income, that additional paid-in capital may not be used to relieve income of charges, and that notes received for stock are generally shown as a deduction from equity rather than as an asset. It also imposes extensive disclosures on the rights and privileges of outstanding securities, convertible preferred stock, redemption requirements, and liquidation preferences.

ASC 505-30 governs how an entity accounts for repurchases of its own outstanding common stock (treasury stock) and the later constructive or actual retirement or resale of those shares. The core rule is that treasury stock transactions are capital transactions: no gain or loss may be recognized in income or charged directly to retained earnings as profit, and differences between repurchase and resale/par amounts are allocated among additional paid-in capital and retained earnings. When shares are bought at a price differing from open-market price (e.g., from a specific shareholder), only the fair value of the shares is treasury stock cost and the excess is allocated to the other rights or privileges obtained and accounted for by their substance.

ASC 505-60 governs the pro rata distribution of nonmonetary assets that constitute a business to an entity's owners (a spinoff). Such distributions are recorded at the carrying (recorded) amount of the distributed business, reduced for any indicated impairment, and are never accounted for as a sale of the spinnee followed by a distribution of proceeds — even if the spun-off operations are sold immediately afterward. When the substance of the transaction differs from its legal form, the legal spinnee is treated as the accounting spinnor (reverse spinoff accounting).

This Subtopic governs how entities in the agricultural industry — principally agricultural cooperatives — classify and present equity. Its core rule is that cooperative earnings are split between patronage source earnings (from transactions with or for patrons) and nonpatronage earnings, and that allocated equities such as retained patronage allocations and per-unit retains are presented as equity when they have no fixed maturity date and are subordinated to all debt. Unallocated nonpatronage earnings are classified as retained earnings, and allocated equities become current liabilities only when the board formally acts to revolve them.

After ASU 2014-09 superseded the old percentage-of-completion/completed-contract revenue guidance, ASC 605-35 survives only as the loss-provision guidance for construction-type and production-type contracts — contracts built to a customer's specifications. Its core rule is that when current estimates of the consideration expected (measured under Topic 606's transaction price principles, without the variable consideration constraint, and adjusted for customer credit risk) fall below estimated contract costs, the entire anticipated loss is recognized immediately in the period it becomes evident. The subtopic also specifies whether the loss is measured at the contract, combined-contract, or performance obligation level, and how the provision is presented in the income statement and balance sheet.

ASC 605-45 formerly governed whether a company reports revenue gross (as a principal) or net (as an agent), including guidance on shipping and handling costs and reimbursed out-of-pocket expenses. Every paragraph in the subtopic (Sections 05, 15, 45, 50, and 55) has been superseded by ASU No. 2014-09, so the subtopic contains no operative guidance. Gross-versus-net presentation is now determined under the principal-versus-agent (control) guidance in ASC 606-10-55-36 through 55-40.

ASC 605-50 was the legacy guidance on a vendor's accounting for consideration given to a customer or a reseller of the vendor's products (cash, credits, coupons, slotting fees, rebates, and similar sales incentives), including whether such consideration is a reduction of revenue or an expense and when to recognize it. Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 25, 45, 50, 55, and 60 — has been superseded by ASU 2014-09 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers). No operative guidance remains here; the topic is retained only as a historical marker for entities referencing pre-ASC 606 literature.

ASC 605-905 provides industry-specific revenue recognition guidance for agricultural entities, with separate General and Cooperatives Subsections. It requires government income replacement and subsidy payments (deficiency, disaster, and other program payments) to be recorded as additional income when the amount of and right to receive the payment can be reasonably determined (605-905-25-1). For agricultural cooperatives it describes accepted methods of allocating overall, departmental, and functional losses among patrons, equities, and unallocated retained earnings, and distinguishes patronage from nonpatronage earnings (605-905-45-1). Most of the customer-revenue paragraphs were superseded by ASU 2014-09.

ASC 605-980 is the surviving remnant of the old revenue standard for entities with regulated operations (and nonutility generators), governing recognition of revenue from "alternative revenue programs" — regulator-authorized adjustments to future billings for past events. Type A programs adjust billings for weather abnormalities, broad external factors, or demand-side management; Type B programs award incentives for achieving objectives such as cost reduction or improved service. Revenue is recognized once the triggering events are complete if the program arises from a regulatory order allowing automatic rate adjustment, the amount is objectively determinable and probable of recovery, and collection occurs within 24 months after the end of the annual period of recognition (605-980-25-4).

ASC 606-10 is the general revenue recognition model for contracts with customers: revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services in an amount reflecting the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled. It is applied through five steps — identify the contract, identify the performance obligations, determine the transaction price, allocate that price to the performance obligations, and recognize revenue as each obligation is satisfied when the customer obtains control (606-10-05-4). It also sets the scope exclusions (leases, insurance, financial instruments, guarantees, certain nonmonetary exchanges), balance sheet presentation of contract assets/liabilities and receivables, and a broad disclosure package.

ASC 610-30 governs the accounting when a nonmonetary asset (property, equipment, inventory) is involuntarily converted into monetary assets — e.g., insurance proceeds from destruction or theft, or condemnation awards in eminent domain. Because the conversion is a monetary transaction rather than a nonmonetary exchange, any difference between the asset's cost (or carrying amount) and the monetary assets received is a realized gain or loss that must be recognized, even if the proceeds are reinvested or the entity is obligated to reinvest them in replacement assets (610-30-25-2; 610-30-25-3).

ASC 705-20 governs how a customer (often a reseller) accounts for cash, credits, coupons, or vouchers received from a vendor. The default rule is that vendor consideration reduces the purchase price of the goods or services acquired (705-20-25-1), unless it is payment for a distinct good or service transferred to the vendor, a reimbursement of specific incremental costs incurred to sell the vendor's products, or reimbursement for the vendor's sales incentives offered directly to consumers. The Subtopic also prescribes systematic and rational recognition of volume/loyalty rebates payable under binding arrangements.

ASC 705-985 is a "links only" subtopic that points to the authoritative guidance elsewhere in the Codification on cost of sales and services for computer software. Its content is that amortization of capitalized software development costs for products marketed to others is charged to cost of sales or a similar expense category (per 985-20-45-1), while duplication/packaging costs are inventory costs under 985-330 and costs to keep software current with hardware revisions are addressed in 985-20-55-11 through 55-12.

ASC 715-20 governs the presentation and disclosure requirements for single-employer defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plans, and it confirms that a cash balance plan is a defined benefit plan. It requires employers to disclose, separately for pension and OPEB plans, reconciliations of the benefit obligation and plan assets, funded status and where it is recognized on the balance sheet, plan asset fair value information by class, weighted-average assumptions, expected future benefit payments and contributions, and amounts in AOCI not yet recognized in net periodic benefit cost. On the face of the income statement, only the service cost component goes with other compensation cost; all other components must be presented separately and outside any subtotal of income from operations.

ASC 715-30 governs an employer's accounting for single-employer defined benefit pension plans: it requires the employer to recognize the plan's funded status (projected benefit obligation versus fair value of plan assets) on the balance sheet and to recognize net periodic pension cost made up of service cost, interest cost, actual return on plan assets, and amortization of prior service cost/credit, net gain or loss, and any remaining transition asset or obligation. Gains, losses, and prior service cost are first recognized in other comprehensive income and amortized into net periodic pension cost over time (subject to the 10 percent corridor for net gains and losses). Separate Subsections govern settlements, curtailments, and certain termination benefits, which accelerate recognition in earnings of amounts sitting in accumulated other comprehensive income.

ASC 715-60 governs an employer's accounting for single-employer defined benefit postretirement benefit plans other than pensions (OPEB)—chiefly retiree health care, but also retiree life insurance, tuition, day care, legal services and housing subsidies. The employer must recognize the funded status of each plan (fair value of plan assets less the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation) on the balance sheet, attribute the expected postretirement benefit obligation ratably over an attribution period ending at the full eligibility date, and recognize net periodic postretirement benefit cost with delayed recognition of prior service cost, gains/losses, and any transition obligation through other comprehensive income. Separate Subsections address the Medicare Part D subsidy, settlements/curtailments/termination benefits, and split-dollar life insurance arrangements.

ASC 715-930 governs how coal industry entities account for postretirement medical and death benefit obligations imposed by the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992, which assigns beneficiaries (and a share of "orphan" beneficiaries) of the UMWA Combined Benefit Fund to former signatories of coal wage agreements. Entities still operating in the coal industry may elect to account for the obligation either as participation in a multiemployer plan or as a liability imposed by the Act; entities electing liability treatment, and all entities no longer operating in the coal industry, must recognize the entire obligation as a loss under Subtopic 450-20 (715-930-25-1). Losses so recognized are presented as an unusual or infrequently occurring item, and the impact of the Act must be disclosed.

This Subtopic adapts Topic 715 (pension and other postretirement benefits) for not-for-profit entities, which do not report other comprehensive income. Everywhere Topic 715 would require net gains or losses, prior service costs or credits, and transition assets or obligations to run through OCI/AOCI, an NFP instead recognizes those amounts as changes in net assets without donor restrictions that have not yet been reclassified into net periodic benefit cost. Those amounts, and the non-service components of net periodic benefit cost, are presented in separate line items outside any intermediate measure of operations (or performance indicator for business-oriented health care NFPs).

ASC 718-740 governs the income tax accounting consequences of share-based payment arrangements, including employee stock ownership plans. Cumulative compensation cost recognized for awards that ordinarily generate a future tax deduction creates a deductible temporary difference and a deferred tax asset (718-740-25-2, 25-4), measured on book compensation cost rather than the shares' current fair value. When the actual tax deduction is finally determined (typically at exercise, expiration, or vesting), any difference between it and cumulative book compensation cost is recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement (718-740-35-2).

ASC 720-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Other Expenses Topic, which is essentially an organizing shell. It lists the eight subtopics housed under Topic 720 — Overall, Start-Up Costs, Insurance Costs, Contributions Made, Real and Personal Property Taxes, Advertising Costs, Electronic Equipment Waste Obligations, and Business and Technology Reengineering — and states that each contains standalone guidance with no interrelationship among them.

ASC 720-20 tells a policyholder (a noninsurance entity, or an insurer buying coverage outside its core operations) how to account for insurance it purchases, covering three contract types: retroactive contracts, claims-made contracts, and multiple-year retrospectively rated contracts. If a contract does not actually transfer insurance risk, the premium (less amounts retained by the insurer) is accounted for as a deposit under Subtopic 340-30 (720-20-25-1). For retroactive coverage of already-incurred liabilities, the premium is expensed immediately, a receivable is recorded for expected recoveries, and any excess of receivable over premium is a deferred gain amortized over the recovery period (720-20-25-3 through 25-4; 720-20-35-2).

ASC 720-30 governs when an accrual-basis taxpayer records a liability for real and personal property taxes and how much is charged to income in each period. Legal liability for such taxes generally attaches at a specific event date (assessment date, lien date, levy date, etc.) determined by state law, but the preferred accounting is a monthly accrual over the fiscal period of the taxing authority for which the taxes are levied. Accrued property taxes are current liabilities, and later revisions of estimated amounts run through the income statement.

ASC 720-50 governs how pharmaceutical manufacturers and health insurers account for the annual, non-tax-deductible fees payable to the U.S. Treasury under the Affordable Care Act (as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act). The entire estimated annual fee liability is recognized in full upon the first qualifying event in the calendar year (first branded prescription drug sale, or first provision of U.S. health risk insurance), with an offsetting deferred cost amortized to expense — normally straight-line — over that calendar year. The fee is presented as an operating expense.

This Subtopic governs how a casino entity accounts for the cost of promotional allowances — complimentary goods and services (comps) such as rooms, food, beverages, and entertainment given to customers. Its single substantive rule is that the cost of providing those promotional allowances is included in costs and expenses (720-924-25-1). Scope follows the casino Overall Subtopic, Section 924-10-15.

ASC 720-958 (cross-referenced as 958-720) governs how not-for-profit entities report expenses: by functional classification (program services and supporting activities such as management and general, fundraising, and membership development) and by natural classification, with a required analysis linking the two. It also sets the purpose/audience/content criteria that must all be met before joint costs of an activity that includes fundraising may be allocated to program or management and general rather than charged entirely to fundraising, and requires a recipient NFP to recognize services received from personnel of an affiliate that the affiliate does not charge for.

This subtopic governs how a real estate investment trust (REIT) accounts for "operating support" received from its external adviser — arrangements designed to guarantee the REIT a certain return, such as buying loans or property above fair value, debt forgiveness, advisory fee reductions, compensating balances, or cash payments. The REIT must adjust any transferred assets or liabilities to fair value at the transaction date and recognize the support effectively obtained as income or as a reduction of advisory fees. The effect of these transactions must be reported separately in the income statement and fully disclosed as a related party relationship.

This subtopic tells government contractors how to account for best-efforts-basis, research-and-development-cost-sharing arrangements with the federal government. When all six scope conditions in 730-912-15-2 are met (qualifying R&D, contractor retains rights to data/results, best-efforts-only obligation, mutual expectation that costs will exceed funding, no contract combination under 606-10-25-9, and the federal government as sole or principal ultimate customer), the arrangement is not a revenue contract under Topic 606. Instead, costs are expensed as R&D as incurred under Topic 730, and customer funding is recorded as an offset to aggregate R&D expense rather than as contract revenue (730-912-25-1).

ASC 740-10 is the Overall subtopic for income taxes and contains the core asset-and-liability model: recognize (1) current taxes payable or refundable for the year and (2) deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of temporary differences and operating loss/tax credit carryforwards (740-10-10-1; 740-10-25-2). Deferred taxes are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply when the item reverses, are not discounted, and deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all will not be realized (740-10-30-5, 740-10-30-8). It also houses the two-step uncertain tax position model — more-likely-than-not recognition on technical merits, then measurement at the largest benefit greater than 50 percent likely of being realized on settlement (740-10-25-6; 740-10-30-7).

ASC 740-20 governs intraperiod tax allocation: after total income tax expense or benefit for the period is computed under ASC 740-10, this Subtopic allocates that total among continuing operations, discontinued operations, other comprehensive income, and items charged or credited directly to shareholders' equity (740-20-45-2). Continuing operations is computed first ("with-and-without"), considering only items in continuing operations (740-20-45-7), and the residual is assigned to the single other item, or apportioned among multiple other items in proportion to their individual effects (740-20-45-12 and 45-14).

This subtopic governs deferred tax accounting for basis differences that arise in foreign operations when tax or financial reporting bases are restated — because of a change in functional currency, general price-level (inflation) indexing, or a functional currency that differs from the local currency. Its core rules: when an economy ceases to be highly inflationary and new functional currency bases are established for nonmonetary items, the resulting differences from local currency tax bases are temporary differences requiring deferred taxes recognized in other comprehensive income as an adjustment to cumulative translation adjustments (830-740-45-2); by contrast, no deferred taxes are recognized for nonmonetary assets remeasured at historical exchange rates whose differences arise from exchange rate changes or tax indexing (740-10-25-3(f)).

ASC 740-852 gives incremental income tax guidance for entities emerging from Chapter 11 that qualify for fresh-start reporting and for entities that effect a quasi-reorganization. Under fresh-start reporting, deferred taxes follow ordinary GAAP, and tax benefits of preconfirmation NOL carryforwards and deductible temporary differences recognized later (by releasing the valuation allowance) reduce income tax expense. After a quasi-reorganization, by contrast, subsequently recognized tax benefits of deductible temporary differences and carryforwards that existed at the quasi-reorganization date are credited directly to contributed capital, not income.

This Subtopic applies Topic 740's income tax guidance to common interest realty associations (CIRAs), such as homeowners' and condominium associations. Because a CIRA's income taxes generally do not relate to an excess of revenues over expenses, the tax provision may be presented among other operating expenses in the statement of revenues and expenses rather than as a separate below-the-line item. It also imposes CIRA-specific note disclosures about filing status, tax liability, and expiring credits.

ASC 805-50 collects the transactions that fall outside the acquisition method of Topic 805: asset acquisitions that are not businesses, transfers between entities under common control, formation of master limited partnerships, and pushdown accounting. Asset acquisitions are recorded at cost (including transaction costs) and allocated to the individual assets on a relative fair value basis with no goodwill; common-control transfers are recorded by the receiving entity at the transferor's (or parent's) carrying amounts with retrospective presentation for periods under common control. Pushdown accounting is an optional, irrevocable election by an acquiree to reflect the acquirer's new basis in its separate financial statements.

ASC 805-954 supplements Subtopic 958-805 for not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities that combine with other NFPs, businesses, or nonprofit activities in a transaction meeting the definition of a merger of not-for-profit entities or an acquisition by a not-for-profit entity. Its incremental rules address classification of acquired debt securities, and—most importantly—whether particular acquisition-related amounts (contingent consideration remeasurements, the separate charge, inherent contributions, step-acquisition gains or losses) are reported within or outside the performance indicator. It also prescribes pro forma performance indicator disclosures for public health care entities.

ASC 808-10 defines collaborative arrangements — contractual arrangements involving a joint operating activity between two or more active participants who are exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the endeavor's commercial success, and that are not primarily conducted through a separate legal entity. The Topic governs income statement presentation, classification, and disclosure, not recognition or measurement generally. Third-party transactions are reported gross or net based on the principal-versus-agent guidance in Topic 606, and payments between participants are accounted for under Topic 606 only when the counterparty is a customer for a distinct unit of account; otherwise presentation is by analogy or a reasonable, rational, consistently applied policy election.

ASC 810-10 sets out the pervasive framework for determining whether one reporting entity must consolidate another legal entity, and it is organized into three Subsections: General (voting interest model), Variable Interest Entities (VIE model), and Consolidation of Entities Controlled by Contract. Consolidation is required when a reporting entity has a "controlling financial interest" — usually ownership of a majority voting interest (or, for limited partnerships, a majority of kick-out rights through voting interests) under the General Subsections, or, for a VIE, both power over the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and exposure to potentially significant losses/benefits. A reporting entity must first test whether the other entity is a VIE (810-10-15-14); only if it is not does the voting-interest or contractual-control analysis apply.

ASC 810-20 formerly provided the consolidation model for limited partnerships and similar entities, addressing when a general partner controls a limited partnership (the "kick-out rights"/substantive participating rights analysis) and must consolidate it. Every paragraph in the subtopic — Sections 05, 15, 25, 45, and 55 — was superseded by ASU 2015-02 (Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis). Limited partnerships and similar entities are now evaluated under the general variable interest entity and voting interest models in Subtopic 810-10 and, for equity method purposes, 323-30.

ASC 810-30 tells a sponsor how to account for a research and development arrangement in which the sponsor funds 100% of the R&D activities — typically by capitalizing a new entity (Newco) with cash and technology rights, spinning off Newco's Class A common stock to the sponsor's shareholders, and retaining a purchase option and nominal Class B shares. The sponsor reclassifies the contributed cash as restricted cash, recognizes R&D expense as the activities are performed, and records the Class A distribution as a dividend at the fair value of that stock. The Class A stock is presented as noncontrolling interest classified in equity but separate from the parent's equity, and exercise of the purchase option is accounted for like an acquisition of a noncontrolling interest.

This Subtopic addresses consolidation issues for construction contractors, principally the availability of proportionate gross presentation for investments in unincorporated entities (such as construction joint ventures) that are accounted for under the equity method. Per 810-910-45-1, referencing 810-10-45-14, proportionate gross presentation is generally prohibited for equity-method investments in unincorporated legal entities, but an exception exists when the investee operates in the construction industry (or an extractive industry). Its scope follows that of Subtopic 910-10 (see 910-10-15).

ASC 810-915 was the intersection subtopic that applied the consolidation guidance of Topic 810 to development stage entities (entities devoting substantially all efforts to establishing a new business without significant revenue). Every paragraph in this subtopic — including its scope, overview, and subsequent measurement guidance — was superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-10, which eliminated the concept of a development stage entity from U.S. GAAP. There is therefore no remaining substantive guidance here; consolidation of such entities is analyzed solely under the general Topic 810 model.

This Subtopic addresses when a mining entity may use proportionate consolidation — presenting its pro rata share of an investee's assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses on a gross basis rather than as a one-line equity method investment. Proportionate consolidation is permitted only where it has been established industry practice, and for extractive activities it is limited to unincorporated legal entities whose activities are confined to the extraction of mineral resources. Entities engaged in refining, marketing, or transporting extracted minerals are not "in an extractive industry" for this purpose.

This Subtopic permits proportionate consolidation (a proportionate gross presentation of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses) for oil and gas ventures, an exception to the general rule that equity method investments in unincorporated entities are presented on a one-line basis. It applies only where proportionate consolidation is established industry practice, and the oil and gas industry is such an industry.

This Subtopic gives the industry-specific consolidation guidance for brokers and dealers in securities. Its single substantive rule is a presentation exception: a broker-dealer parent within the scope of Topic 940 does not consolidate a majority-owned subsidiary in which it has a controlling financial interest (and that is not a variable interest entity) when control is likely to be temporary (810-940-45-1, cross-referencing 810-10-15-10(a)(2)).

This Subtopic tells bank holding companies how to present trust-preferred securities structures. Because the sponsoring bank holds no variable interest in the special-purpose trust, it cannot be the trust's primary beneficiary and does not consolidate it (810-942-55-2). Instead, the bank reports the subordinated debentures it issued to the trust as debt on its balance sheet, and accounts for its holding of the trust's common securities under the equity method (810-942-45-1).

This Subtopic routes health care entities to the right consolidation model depending on whether the reporting entity is investor-owned or a not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entity. Investor-owned providers apply the VIE Subsections first, then the General Subsections and the Consolidation of Entities Controlled by Contract Subsections of 810-10; NFP health care entities are exempt from the VIE model (unless used to circumvent it) and instead apply 810-10 General/controlled-by-contract guidance for for-profit investees and Subtopic 958-810 for relationships with other NFPs. It also treats sole corporate membership in an NFP as a controlling financial interest and requires malpractice trust funds to be included in the entity's financial statements.

This subtopic governs when a not-for-profit entity (NFP) must, may, or may not consolidate another entity. Control plus an economic interest is the organizing principle: a majority voting interest or sole corporate membership in another NFP requires consolidation; control through a majority voting interest in the other NFP's board plus an economic interest also requires consolidation; control by other means (e.g., contract) plus an economic interest permits but does not require consolidation; and control or an economic interest alone precludes consolidation. It also covers consolidation of special-purpose-entity lessors, consolidation of for-profit limited partnerships by NFP general or limited partners, and presentation and disclosure of noncontrolling interests.

ASC 810-970 gives real-estate-specific consolidation guidance layered on top of ASC 810-10. It explains when an investor controls a general or limited partnership that holds real estate (majority voting interest, or majority of profit/loss interests when voting interests are unclear), when substantive participating rights of other partners overcome the presumption of control, and when a noncontrolling investor instead uses the equity method. It also sets the five conditions that permit proportionate (undivided interest) presentation of an investment in real property.

This Subtopic tells a time-sharing developer-seller how to account for special-purpose entities (SPEs) it establishes in connection with selling time-sharing intervals. If the SPE structure is legally required by the jurisdiction in order to sell intervals to nonresident customers and the SPE holds no assets other than the time-sharing intervals and has no debt, the SPE is viewed as lacking economic substance and existing solely to facilitate sales; the seller then reports the unsold interests in the SPE as time-sharing inventory on its balance sheet rather than applying consolidation or equity/cost method accounting. All other SPEs are evaluated under the normal consolidation, VIE, and investment models.

This Subtopic provides the consolidation guidance unique to entities with regulated operations. Its core rule is an exception to the normal requirement that intra-entity profit be eliminated in consolidation: profit on sales to a regulated affiliate need not be eliminated if the sales price is reasonable and it is probable that the rate-making process will produce future revenue approximately equal to that sales price from the affiliate's use of the products. Reasonableness is normally presumed when the regulator accepts or does not challenge the price.

ASC 815-30 provides the incremental accounting for cash flow hedges — derivatives designated as hedging the variability in expected future cash flows of a forecasted transaction or of a recognized variable-cash-flow asset/liability. The entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument that is included in the assessment of effectiveness is recorded in other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period(s) the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings, presented in the same income statement line item as the hedged item. The Subtopic also governs excluded components, quantitative effectiveness methods for interest rate hedges, and discontinuation/dedesignation (including immediate reclassification when the forecasted transaction is probable of not occurring).

ASC 815-40 governs contracts (freestanding or embedded) that are indexed to, and potentially settled in, an entity's own stock — warrants, written/purchased options, forward sale and purchase contracts, and conversion features. It supplies the two-part test for the derivative scope exception in 815-10-15-74(a): whether the instrument is "indexed to the entity's own stock" (two-step analysis in 815-40-15-7 through 15-7I) and whether it would be classified in stockholders' equity (conditions in 815-40-25-7 through 25-30). Equity-classified contracts stay in permanent equity with no remeasurement; contracts failing either part are assets or liabilities measured at fair value through earnings, with classification reassessed every balance sheet date.

ASC 815-954 tells not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities how to apply derivative and hedge accounting. The core rule is parity with for-profit entities: items that would hit a for-profit's income from continuing operations must hit the NFP health care entity's performance indicator, and items excluded (e.g., amounts in other comprehensive income) must be excluded from the performance indicator. Because these entities need not present a separate equity component, the guidance substitutes tailored disclosures about the accumulated derivative gain or loss excluded from the performance indicator.

ASC 825-10 provides the overall guidance for financial instruments, containing two sets of rules: the fair value option (FVO), which lets any entity irrevocably elect, at specified election dates, to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities, firm commitments, and written loan commitments at fair value with changes in earnings; and incremental disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments, concentrations of credit risk, and market risk. The FVO is elected instrument by instrument, only for an entire instrument (not specific risks or cash flows), and is intended to mitigate earnings volatility from measuring related assets and liabilities differently without applying hedge accounting.

This subtopic gives industry-specific guidance on financial instruments for not-for-profit, business-oriented health care entities. Its single substantive rule is a presentation rule: when such an entity elects the fair value option, the resulting unrealized gains and losses must be reported inside the performance indicator (or within discontinued operations, as appropriate) rather than outside it.

ASC 830-30 governs how a reporting entity translates the financial statements of a foreign entity whose functional currency is not the reporting currency, when those statements are consolidated, combined, or accounted for under the equity method. Assets and liabilities are translated at the balance sheet date rate and revenues, expenses, gains, and losses at the rates on the dates recognized; the resulting translation adjustments go to other comprehensive income (accumulated as the cumulative translation adjustment, or CTA) rather than net income. The CTA is released into earnings only upon sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment in the foreign entity.

This Subtopic tells investment companies how to compute and report foreign currency transaction gains and losses on foreign-currency-denominated securities, cash, forward contracts, receivables/payables, income, and expenses. Ongoing revaluation of unsettled foreign-currency items produces unrealized foreign currency gain or loss, which is reclassified to realized gain or loss upon settlement (830-946-45-1). Critically, a fund is permitted—but not required—to separately isolate the foreign currency component of realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments, and it must disclose whichever practice it follows (830-946-45-4; 830-946-50-1).

ASC 832-10 governs government assistance received by business entities (not-for-profits and plans under Topics 960, 962, and 965 are excluded). In its current form it is a disclosure-only topic requiring annual disclosure of the nature, accounting policy, financial statement effects, and significant terms of transactions with a government accounted for by analogy to a grant or contribution model. ASU 2025-10 converts it into a full recognition and measurement model for "government grants," under which a grant is recognized only when it is probable the entity will comply with the grant's conditions and receive the grant (832-10-25-1), with grants related to assets recognized under either a deferred income approach or a cost accumulation approach and grants related to income recognized in earnings on a systematic and rational basis as the related costs are expensed.

ASC 835-30 governs when and how interest must be "imputed" on notes receivable and payable whose face amount does not reasonably represent the present value of the consideration exchanged — typically non-interest-bearing notes or notes with an unreasonable stated rate. In those cases the note and the related sales price/cost are recorded at the fair value of the property, goods, or service or at an amount approximating the fair value of the note (whichever is more clearly determinable), and any resulting discount or premium is amortized to interest income or expense using the interest method. Discount, premium, and debt issuance costs are presented as direct deductions from or additions to the face amount of the note, not as deferred charges or credits.

This Subtopic governs how entities with regulated operations account for the financing cost of construction — the allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC), which includes both a computed interest component and a designated cost of equity funds. When a regulator requires such capitalization, the rate-making amount (not the amount computed under Subtopic 835-20) is capitalized for financial reporting purposes, but only if subsequent inclusion in allowable costs for rate-making purposes is probable. The credit is reported in the income statement as other income, a reduction of interest expense, or both.

ASC 842-10 sets the scope and core mechanics common to all leases: how to decide whether a contract is or contains a lease, how to identify and separate lease and nonlease components and allocate consideration, how to classify the lease (finance/sales-type, direct financing, or operating), and how to determine lease term and lease payments. A contract contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified item of property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration — meaning the customer has both the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits from use and the right to direct the use of that asset (842-10-15-3, 15-4). Classification is made once at the commencement date and is reassessed only on a modification not accounted for as a separate contract (or, for lessees, a change in lease term or purchase option assessment) (842-10-25-1).

ASC 842-50 preserves the legacy leveraged lease accounting model, but only for leases that existed at the ASC 842 transition date and meet the criteria in 842-10-65-1(z) — no new leveraged leases may be created. A lessor records a single net investment consisting of rentals receivable (net of nonrecourse debt service), investment-tax-credit receivable, estimated residual value, and unearned/deferred income (842-50-25-1; 842-50-30-1), and recognizes income only in years when the net investment (less related deferred taxes) is positive, using the rate of return that distributes total net income to those years (842-50-35-2). Important assumptions, including residual value and the projected timing of income tax cash flows, must be reviewed at least annually, with any change triggering recalculation from lease inception and immediate gain or loss recognition (842-50-35-6 through 35-8).

This Subtopic addresses how rate-regulated entities account for leases when the regulator's rate-making treatment differs from Topic 842. Lease classification for financial reporting follows Topic 842 regardless of how the regulator treats the lease, but the timing of expense (or income) recognition is modified to conform to the rate treatment, with timing differences capitalized or accrued as regulatory assets or liabilities. Sale-and-leaseback timing differences are handled either as part of a phase-in plan under Subtopic 980-340 or by conforming recognition to the Regulated Operations Topic.

ASC 850-10 is a disclosure-only subtopic requiring financial statements to disclose material related party transactions and certain common control relationships. Disclosures cover the nature of the relationship, a description and dollar amounts of transactions for each income statement period, and amounts due to/from related parties at each balance sheet date. It provides no accounting or measurement guidance — recognition and measurement of related party transactions is addressed in other Topics.

ASC 855-10 governs how entities account for and disclose events that occur after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued or available to be issued. Events providing additional evidence about conditions that existed at the balance sheet date are "recognized subsequent events" and must be reflected in the financial statements (855-10-25-1); events reflecting conditions arising only after the balance sheet date are "nonrecognized" and are only disclosed if needed to keep the statements from being misleading (855-10-25-3; 855-10-50-2). It applies to all entities but yields to any other Codification Topic that addresses the same post-balance-sheet event (855-10-15-4).

ASC 910-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Contractors—Construction Topic, providing incremental industry-specific guidance for entities that perform construction-type contracts (work built or improved on tangible property to a customer's specifications, usually at the customer's job site under a unique, bid or negotiated contract). Most of its former revenue guidance was superseded by ASU 2014-09, so revenue recognition now follows Topic 606; what remains addresses small-tool depreciation, classification of retainages, proportionate gross presentation for construction joint ventures, and industry disclosures. Entities in scope must also comply with all other applicable GAAP not addressed here (910-10-15-1).

ASC 912-20 governs how contractors with the federal government account for contract costs, including the requirement to follow Federal Acquisition Regulation cost principles when costs are analyzed in the procurement process. It addresses allocation of indirect costs, recording of subcontractor/vendor claims, accounting for terminations (convenience versus default), and restricts the use of program accounting. Losses from default terminations are treated as changes in accounting estimate in the current period, not as prior-period adjustments.

ASC 924-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Entertainment—Casinos Topic, which collects the accounting and reporting standards unique to the gaming industry. It provides incremental, industry-specific guidance on gaming chips, promotional allowances, base jackpots, slot machines, income taxes, and geographic segment disclosure. Casinos must still apply all other generally applicable GAAP; this Topic only supplements it.

ASC 926-10 is the overall/scope subtopic for Entertainment—Films. It establishes that Topic 926 provides only incremental, industry-specific guidance on film costs, participation costs, and manufacturing costs for producers and distributors that own or hold rights to distribute or exploit films in any market or territory. Entities in scope must still apply all other applicable GAAP not contained in Topic 926.

ASC 940-20 governs specific broker-dealer activities, organized into General (commissions, soft-dollar arrangements, mutual fund distribution fees, agency transactions, financial presentation), Clearing (fails, due bills, suspense accounts, trading errors), and Underwriting Subsections. Its core rules are that agency transactions stay off the broker-dealer's statement of financial condition unless they fail to settle on the contracted settlement date, commission income is recognized under Topic 606 while related expenses accrue on trade date, and fails-to-deliver/fails-to-receive are recorded at selling/purchase price including accrued interest.

ASC 942-10 is the Overall subtopic that sets the scope and organization of the Financial Services—Depository and Lending Topic. It identifies the Subtopics (balance sheet, income statement, receivables, investments, income taxes, business combinations, consolidation, etc.) that supply incremental, industry-specific guidance for depository and lending institutions, and lists the entities covered — banks, credit unions, finance and mortgage companies, savings institutions, bank and S&L holding companies, and U.S.-regulated branches/agencies of foreign banks. Entities in scope must still follow all otherwise applicable GAAP; Topic 942 only adds industry overlays.

ASC 944-10 is the Overall subtopic of the Financial Services—Insurance Topic; it serves as the roadmap and scope gate for all insurance-specific accounting guidance. It lists the Topic's Subtopics (acquisition costs, claim costs and liabilities for future policy benefits, policyholder dividends, premium deficiency, separate accounts, and the statement/disclosure subtopics) and identifies the four contract-type Subsections used throughout: short-duration, long-duration, reinsurance, and financial guarantee insurance contracts. The guidance is incremental industry-specific guidance—entities in scope must still apply all other applicable GAAP.

ASC 944-50 governs how insurance entities account for and report policyholder dividends on participating insurance contracts. For participating contracts other than the long-duration participating life contracts described in 944-20-15-3, dividends are accrued (measured at an estimate of the amount to be paid, or recognized over the premium-paying period using anticipated/illustrated dividend scales), and any policyholders' share of net income that cannot be distributed to stockholders is charged to operations and credited to a participating policyholders' funds liability. For long-duration participating life contracts meeting 944-20-15-3, annual policyholder dividends are expensed based on amounts incurred for policies in force and reported separately in the statement of earnings.

ASC 944-80 governs how an insurance entity accounts for and presents separate accounts — pools of assets and liabilities maintained to fund variable annuity, variable life, pension and similar contracts where the contract holder generally bears the investment risk. If a separate account arrangement meets the four criteria in 944-80-25-2 (legal recognition, legal insulation from general account liabilities, contract-holder-directed investment, and full pass-through of investment performance), the contract holder portion is measured at fair value and reported as a single summary total asset with an equivalent summary total liability, with investment performance and amounts credited offset to zero. If any criterion fails (e.g., guaranteed interest or market value adjusted "spread" products), the assets and liabilities are accounted for and presented as ordinary general account items.

ASC 946-20 governs specific "investment company activities" — payments by affiliates to reimburse fund losses or cure investment-restriction violations, Rule 12b-1 distribution plans, expense limitation/waiver arrangements, offering costs, shareholder and distribution transactions, and related presentation and disclosure. Its core rules: affiliate payments and gains/losses on non-conforming investments are combined in one line within net realized/unrealized gains (losses) and quantified in the financial highlights (946-20-45-1; 946-20-50-2); a fund with an enhanced 12b-1 plan (or a board-contingent plan once the board commits) accrues a liability and expense for the distributor's excess distribution costs (946-20-25-3), while an excess of fees collected over distributor costs may never be booked as an asset (946-20-45-2). Offering costs are charged to paid-in capital for closed-end funds, partnerships and unit investment trusts, but deferred and amortized straight-line over 12 months for open-end funds and continuously offered closed-end funds (946-20-25-5 through 25-6; 35-5; 35-6).

ASC 952-10 provides incremental, industry-specific accounting and reporting guidance for franchisors — the parties that grant business rights (the franchise) to franchisees. After ASU 2014-09 removed the old franchise revenue recognition rules (now handled under ASC 606 and 340-40), what remains is chiefly guidance on franchising costs, presentation of franchisor-owned versus franchised outlet costs, and outlet/commitment disclosures. Franchisors must also apply all other applicable GAAP not contained in this Topic.

ASC 958-20 governs accounting by two NFPs that are "financially interrelated" — one entity can influence the other's operating and financial decisions AND one has an ongoing, residual economic interest in the other's net assets (958-20-15-2). When a donor transfers assets to a recipient entity (e.g., a fundraising foundation) for a financially interrelated specified beneficiary and the recipient is not a trustee, the recipient recognizes contribution revenue on receipt (958-20-25-1) and the beneficiary recognizes an interest in the recipient's net assets, adjusted for its share of changes in those net assets in a manner similar to the equity method (958-20-25-2; 35-1). Transfers in which the resource provider names itself or an affiliate as beneficiary and expects no repayment are "equity transactions" reported as a separate line in the statement of activities (958-20-25-4; 45-1).

ASC 960-10 is the Overall subtopic of the defined benefit pension plan accounting Topic, setting the scope of and providing an overview of financial reporting by the plan itself (not the sponsoring employer, which follows Topic 715). Defined benefit plans promise participants determinable benefits based on factors such as age, years of service, and compensation, and because the plan's net assets are the means of paying those benefits, net asset information is necessary to assess the plan's ability to pay benefits when due. The Topic applies to all ongoing plans (funded or unfunded, ERISA and non-ERISA, U.S. and comparable foreign plans reporting under U.S. GAAP) but does not itself require any plan to prepare or distribute financial statements.

ASC 960-20 governs how a defined benefit pension plan measures and reports the actuarial present value of accumulated plan benefits — the benefits reasonably expected to be paid in exchange for employee service rendered to the benefit information date. Benefits are attributed using the plan's own provisions where possible and otherwise pro rata over years of service to full vesting (vested-type benefits) or to expected separation (nonvested-type benefits), measured using pay and service history as of the benefit information date under an ongoing-plan assumption. The total must be segmented at minimum into vested benefits of participants currently receiving payments, other vested benefits, and nonvested benefits, and the significant factors causing the year-to-year change must be identified.

ASC 960-30 governs how a defined benefit pension plan reports its net assets available for benefits and the changes in those net assets. Information must be prepared on the accrual basis and presented in enough detail to identify the plan's resources available for benefits and the significant changes during the year (960-30-25-1; 960-30-45-1). It also prescribes the minimum line items in the statement of changes and the special single-line presentation of assets held in a Section 401(h) account, which may not be counted as available for pension benefits.

ASC 962-40 governs the accounting and reporting by defined contribution pension plans that are terminating. Its core rule is that once liquidation of the plan is deemed imminent under ASC 205-30, the plan must prepare its financial statements—including year-end statements for a plan year in which imminence arose before year end—on the liquidation basis of accounting. The plan must also disclose the relevant circumstances in all subsequent financial statements once a termination decision is made or a wasting trust exists.

ASC 965-20 governs the "net assets available for benefits" component of health and welfare benefit plan financial statements. It requires the plan to accrue non-benefit liabilities (e.g., securities purchased, income taxes payable, third-party administrator fees), record noncash contributions at fair value less costs to sell if significant, and present a statement of net assets available for benefits showing total assets, total liabilities, and net assets available for benefits. The companion statement of changes must show, in sufficient detail, the significant changes for the year, including contributions by source, net appreciation/depreciation in fair value, investment income, claims payments, premiums, and administrative expenses.

ASC 972-10 is the Overall subtopic that sets the scope and background for accounting by common interest realty associations (CIRAs) — associations of owners such as homeowners associations, condominium associations, time-share associations, planned-unit developments, and cooperative housing corporations. It provides only incremental, industry-specific guidance; CIRAs must also follow all other applicable GAAP. Topic 972 is one of several real estate topics, each addressing a different real estate subindustry.